COOPERS 


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CAVALRY    TACTICS, 


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FOR  THE  V*V  OF  VOLUNTEERS: 


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A  MANUAL  FOR  COLTS  REVOLVER. 


NEW -ORLEANS: 

tl.    P.    LATHROP,  74   MAGAZINE   STRESS 

JACKSON,  Miss. 

P  ( I  W  E  R    &    CAD  W  A  L  LAP  E  K  . 

1861. 


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COOPER'S 


CAVALRY    TACTICS, 


FOTC  THE  USE  OF  VOLUNTEERS  : 


fllCH    fS     \l-I»Ki', 


A  MANUAL  FOE  COLT'S  REVOLVER. 


N E W -ORLEA N S  : 

IT.   P.   LATHROP,  74  MAG  fZIKE   STREET. 

JACKSON,  Miss. 

P  0  W  K  It    &    C  A  D  W  A  L  L  A  J)  E  R  . 

1861. 


• 


PREFACE. 


It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the  militia  or  volunteer 
Cavalry  are   to  be  instructed  in  all  the    minutiae  praticed 

by  the  regular  Cavalry.  It  will  be  sufficient  that  every 
man  learns  the  rudiments  of  Infantry  formations,  to  act 
occasionally  on  foot,  and  to  mount  and  dismount  with  ease, 
sit  his  horse  naturally,  and  to  have  his  stirrups  sufficiently 
short  to  enable  him  to  command  his  horse,  and  to  rise  in 
them  to  strike,  when  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  the  sword 
or  the  lance. 

The  manoeuvres  are  simple  and  easy  to  be  learned. 
The  sword  exercise  is  reduced  to  very  few  motions.  It 
has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  enter  into  all  the  cuts 
usually  practiced  by  Cavalry  in  the  attack  and  defense;  it 
is  deemed  sufficient  that  the  militia  or  volunteer  trooper 
should  be  able  to  draw  and  return  his  sword  with  agility, 
to  pay  the  compliments  with  grace,  and  for  the  attack,  to 
come  to  the  prepar tor y,  of  "raise  sword,  "and  dash  at  his 
adversary  with  cut,  or  point,  as  may  be  most  effectual  in 
the  charge  against  horse  or  foot. 


OONT  E  NTS. 

Definitions  of  Terms  of  Formation  and  Manoeuvre page  5 

Mounting . .  .8 

Position  on  Horseback 9 

Dismounting' !) 

Riding  Lesson. !) 

Manual  of  the  Sword 11 

Of  the  Squad [ 13 

Formation  of  the  Squad 13 

Alignments. 14 

Marches  to  the  Right It 

Formations  to  the  Left 15 

Formations  to  the  Right  or  Reverse  Flank 15 

Formations  to  the  Front , 1 i! 

To  Advance  and  Retire  in  Line ".-..• 10 

Diminution  and  Increase  of  Front 17 

Formation  of  the  Company ] '.) 

Formation  of  the  Squadron. . . 20 

Formation  of  the  Regiment 20 

To  Open  and  Close  Ranks 21 

Posts  of  Officers  and  others  in  Column 21 

Of  the  Charge  or  Attack 22 

Rides  for  G  aides  and  Markers ■ 24 

Movements  from  Line ' 25 

No.   1.  To  change  Front  on  First  Squadron * 25 

2.  To  change  Front  to  the  Rear  on  Left  Squadron 2G 

3.  To  change  Front  on  Central  Squadron 27 

4.  To  break  to  the  Right  into  Column 27 

5.  To  break  to  the  Right  to  March  to  the  Left 28 

(i,  To  break  to  the  Right  to  the  Rear,  to  March  to  the  Loft.  .2* 

7.  To  Ploy  into  close  Column  on  Second  Squadron 2:> 

8.  To  Advance  in  Echellon  of  Squadrons 30 

'.'.  Passage  of  Lines  to  the  Front. 30 

10.  Passage  of  Lines  to  the  Rear '. 'M 

11.  To  March  in  Line > '52 

Movements  from  Close  Column 33 

No.  1.  To  Deploy  on  Second  Squadron 33 

2.  To  Wheel  into  Line  on  Rear  Squadron ."it 

3.  To  change  direction  from  a  Halt 35 

4.  Countermarch 35 

Movements  from  Open  Column 3*8 

No.  1.  To  Form  Line  to  the  Left 36 

2.  To  Form  Line  to  the  Right  by  Inversion. . . , 36 

3.  To  Form  Line  to'  the  Front 37 

4.  To  Form  Line  to  the  Front  oh  Rear  Company 37 

5.  To  Form  Line  Faced  to  the  Rear 38 

<i.  To  Form  Line  Faced  to  the  Rear  on  Rear  Company 38 

7.   8,  To  Form  Line  by  two  Movements 39 

0.  To  Form  on  Right  into  Line 40 

1 0.  To  Form  Close  Column. 5  .... 40 

Skirmishing p. 41 

Revolver   Manual « ' 43 

Acts  of  Congress.  &c # 47 


CAVALRY  TACTICS. 


The  words  Of  Command  given  by  the  Instructor  {who  represents  the 
Commander)  are  printed  in  Capital  Letters. 


Definitions  of  certain  terms  of  Formation  and  Manoeuvre. 

A  Rank — Is  any  number  of  men  side  by  side  in  line. 

Cavalry  are  said  to  be  marching  by — 

Files — When  each  front  rank  man  has  his  rear-rank 
man  following-  him,  the  whole  in  one  single  string. 

Twos — When  each  front  rank  "  two"  has  its  rear  rank 
"  two"  following  it,  being  a  column  two  abreast. 

Fours — When  each  front-rank  "  four"  has  its  rear-rank 
"  four"  by  its  side,  being-  a  column  eight  abreast. 

Sections  of  Fours — When  each  front-rank  "  four"  has  its 
rear-rank  "four"  following  it,  being  a  column  of  four  abreast 

A  Platoon — Is  the  fourth  part  of  a  squadron.  Platoons 
in  squadron  are  numbered  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  from  the  right. 

A  Company — Is  the  half  of  a  squadron.  Companies  are 
right  and  left  in  each  squadron. 

A  Squadron — Two  or  more  squadrons  compose  a  corps 
or  regiment.  Squadrons  are  numbered  1st,  2d,  3d,  &c, 
from  the  right. 

Close  Order — The  ordinary  distance  at  which  the  rear 
rank  is  formed  behind  the  front  rank — one  yardor  pace. 

Open  Order — The  increased  distance  taken  by  the  rear- 
rank  on  some  occasions  of  parade — Six  yards  or  paces. 

Front — The  direction  towards  which  the  line  faces  when 
formed — the  extent  from  flank  to  flank,  that  is  the  breadth. 

The  extent  of  front  of  a  squadron  is  to  be  calculated  at 
about  as  many  yards  as  it  contains  files. 

Depth — Distance  from  front  to  rear. 

Distance — Space  between  one  division  and  another  in 
column. 

From  one  horse  to  another  when  marching  in  file,  twos, 
fours,  or  sections  of  fours — one  vard. 


6  CAVALRY. 

From  one  squadron  to  another  in  close  order — 10  yards. 

From  one  squadron,  company,  or  platoon  to  another  in 
open  column.  The  extent  of  front  of  such  squadron,  com- 
pany or  platoon, taken  from  front-rank  to  front-rank,  adding 
ten  paces  for  the  interval  between  squadrons  when  in  line. 

The  depths  of  two  ranks,  taking  the  length  of  the  fullest 
sizedcavalry  horses,  at  eight  feet,  and  the  distance  between 
the  ranks  at  3  feet,  is  to  be  reckoned  at  about  19  feet. 

Intervals — Spaces  between  squadrons  and  regiments  in 
line — those  between  squadrons  ten  paces  ;  those  between 
regiments  fifteen. 

Points  of  Direction — Objects  towards  which  it  is  in- 
tended to  march  in  line  or  column.  The  directing  guide 
must  march  perfectly  straight,  by  always  keeping  in  line 
two 'objects  at  some  distance  before  him. 

Flank — The  extremity  of  the  right  or  left  of  a  military 
body  in  line  or  column. 

Directing  Flank — That  flank  of  a  column  towards  which 
the  guides  cover  in  marching.  When  the  column  is  march- 
ing with  the  right  in  front,  the  left  is  the  directing  flank  ; 
with  the  left  in  front,  the  right  (except  under  peculiar 
circumstances  or  manoeuvres.)  The  directing  flank  is  indi- 
cated by  the  commands  "guide  left,"  or  "guide  right"  as 
the  case  may  be,  and  the  dressing  is  towards  that  flank. 
Pressure  must  be  yielded  when  coming  from  that  flank, 
and  resisted  when  coming  from  the  opposite  flank. 

Pivot — The  man  on  that  flank  which  forms  the  central 
point  in  wheeling. 

Alignment — A  straight  line  upon  which  a  body  of  troops 
is  to  form. 

Every  division  which  is  to  be  aligned  upon  another,  will 
halt  abreast  of  the  rear  rank,  parallel  to  the  line  of  forma- 
tion, to  move  forward  into  the  alignment  of  the  division 
already  formed. 

Inversion — When  the  squadrons  arc  not  in  their  proper 
order;  or  when  the  right  arc  to  the  left,  and  the -left  to 
the  right. 

Column — A  line  broken  into  several  parts,  each  part 
following  exactly  behind  the  other. 

Column  of  Route — A  column  (of  twos  or  sections  of 
fours)   for  convenience  and  ease. 


CAVALRY 


Direct  Echellon — A  line  broken  intosevcfal  parts,  i 
ing  direct  to  the  front  or  rear,  in  this  mammer— 


Oblique  Eiiikt.i.on — A  line  broken  into  several  parte  by 
wheels  from  line,  or  column,  loss  than  the  quarter  circle, 
so  as  to  be  oblique  to  the  former  front,  and  parallel  with 
each  other — thus  : 


Paces — There  are  three  paces— the  walk,  the  trot,  and 
the  gallop.  The  walk  at  the  rate  of  throe  and  a  h  ilf  to 
four  miles  an  hour.  The  trot  at  eight  miles  and  a  half  an, 
hour.  The  gallop  at  eleven  miles  an  hour.  The  galrop  is 
not  considered  applicable  to  general  purposes  of  manoeuvre, 
though  it  may  be  used  occasionally  for  very  simple  forma- 
tions. 

The  rate  of  charge  should  not  exceed  the  speed  of  the 
slowest  horses. 

To  preserve  uniformity  of  movement,  the  trot  and  gallop 
should  commence  gradually,  and  by  the  whole  body*  at  the 
same  time. 

The   term  pace,  by  which    distance    and  Intervals 
measured,  is  reckoned  at  one  yard* 

Commands — Are  of  two  kinds,  those  of  caution  and 
those  of  execution.  They  should  be  given  in  a  firm,  clear 
tone,  and  repeated  by  the  chiefe  of  subdivisions,  There 
should  be  a  short  pause  betweea  the  command  of  caution 
and  of  execution.  At  the  command  of  caution,  chiefs  of 
subdivisions  will  caution  their  subdivisions  as  to  the  par- 
ticular movement  which  each  has  to  perform. 

The  commands  march  and  halt  should  be  instant ly  re- 
peated by  chiefs  of  subdivisions.  When  a  line  breaks 
from  a  halt  by  a  wheel,  the  chief  of  each  subdivision  will 


8  CAVALRY. 

judge  of  the  instant  when  the  movement  ought  to  finish 
to  order  halt,  and  left,  or  right-dress. 

At  the  "word  march,  a  line  or  column  will  move  at  a 
walk,  unless  the  command  indicates  a  different  pace. 
When  a  command  is  not  distinctly  heard  by  some  part  of 
the  line,  each  officer  (when  the  intention  is  obvious)  will 
conform  as  quickly  as  possible  to  the  movement  which  he 
sees  executed  on  his  right  or  left,  according  to  the  point 
from  whence  he  perceives  it  to  be  given. 

Mounting. 

STAND  TO  HORSE.  The  position  of  the  man  is  on 
the  left  side  of  the  horse,  square  to  the  front  ;  toes  on  a 
line  with  the  horse's  fore  feet  ;  right  hand,  back  upwards, 
holding  the  rein  of  the  snaffle  over  the  curb,  six  inches 
from  the  ring  of  the  bitt;  left  hand  hanging  down  by  the 
thigh. 

PREPARE  TO  MOUNT.  FaCe  to  the  right,  place  the 
left  hand  where  the  right  was,  and  run  the  right  up  to 
the  middle  of  the,  rein  or  knob,  which  is  held  between  the 
finger  and  thumb;  step  to  the  right  opposite  the  horse's 
shoulder,  and  taking  both  sides  of  the  curb-rein  with  the 
left  hand,  just  under  the  right,  put  the  little  finger  between 
them,  the  back  of  the  hand  towards  the  horse's  head;  run 
down  the  left  hand  to  the  neck  of  the  horse,  and  still  hold- 
ing the  bridle,  seize  with  the  fore-fingers  of  the  left  hand, 
a  lock  of  the  mane,  about  a  foot  from  the  saddle;  seize  the 
stirrup-leather  with  the  right  hand  near  the  stirrup;  step 
back  with  the  right  foot,  and  place  the  ball  of  the  left  in 
the  stirrup,  the  left  knee  close  to  the  horse's  shoulder,  and 
the  right  hand  on  the  cantle  of  the  saddle. 

MOUNT. .  By  a  spring  from  the  right  foot,  rise  in  the 
stirrup,  bring  both  heels  together,  knees  against  the  sad- 
dle and  body  upright;  place  the  right  hand  on  the  pommel 
and  support  the  body,  while  the  right  leg  passes  clear 
over  the  horse,  the  right  knee  closes  on  the  saddle,  and  the 
body  comes  gently  into  it;  the  left  hand  quits  the  mane 
and  the  right  the  pommel;  the  snaffle-rein  is  laid  with  the 
right  hand,  back  upwards,  into  the  left,  the  middle  finger 
dividing  them,  the  superfluous  part  of  the  reins  hanging 
down  on  the  off  side;  both  reins  are  pressed  between  the 


CAVALRY.  9 

thumb  and  first  joint  of  the  fore-finger,  the  bridle  hand 
raised  so  as  just  to  feel  the  horse^s  mouth;  the  right  foot 
takes  the  stirrup  without  the  aid  of  handor  eye. 

Position  on  Horseback. 

The  body  balanced  in   the   middle  of  the  saddle*;  head. 
upright  and    square   to  the  front;  shoulders  well    thrown 
back;  client  advanced;  upper  part  of  the  arms  hanging 
down    straight   from   the  shoulder;    left  elbow  bent,  and 
slightly  closed  to  the  hips;  little  finger  on  a  level  with 
elbow;  wrist  rounded,  throwing  the  knuckles  to  the  front; 
thigh  stretched  down   from  the  hip;  the  ila-t  of  the  thigh 
well  turned  inward  to  the  saddle;  knees  a  little  bent: 
hanging  straight  down  from  the  knee  and  near  the  hdr 
sicks;  heels  stretched  down,,  the  toes  raised  from  the  in- 
steps, and  as  near  the  horse's  .--ides  as  the  heels. 

Dismounting. 

PRBPABE  TO  DISMOUNT.— The  right  hand  takes  the 
rein  above  the  left;  the  right  foot  quits  the  stirrup;  the 

left  hand  slides  forward  on  the  rein  and  seizes  a  lock  of 
the  mane  about  twelve  inches  from  the  saddle,  feeling  tin; 
horse's  mouth  very  gently;  the  right  hand  drops  the  reins 
to  the  off-side,  and  is  placed  on  the  holster. 

DISMOUNT. — Supporting  the  body  with  the  right  hand 
and  left  foot,  the  right  leg  is  brought'clear  over  to  the  near 
side;  heels  close;  the  right  hand  on  the  cantel  preserves 
the  balance  of  the  body;  the  rights'  foot  is  brought  to  the 
ground,  and  then  the  left;  seize  the  reins  with  the  right 
hand  under  the  left,  and  advance,  left  foot  first,  to  the  po- 
sition Of  STAND  TO  HORSE . 

Riding  Lesson. 

Aids  are  giving  by  the  hand  and  legs:  corrections  and 
animations  by  the  spur. 

To  MarcJi. — At  the  word  forward,  raise  the  hand  so  as 
to  feel  gently  the  horse's  mouth,  and  approach,  the  legs 
without  closing  them:  -this  is  called  "to  gather  the  he: 
and  is  preparatory  to  all  movements,  A.1  the  word  maHcb, 
turn  the  nails  downwards,  so  as  to  give  a  little  more  rein, 
and  close  the  calves  of   both  1  ordinu;  to  the  sen- 


10  CAVALRY. 

sibilit}^  of  the  horse:"  when  the  horse  obeys,  ease  the  legs 
by  degrees,  and  replace  the  hand  quietly  in  its  former 
position. 

To  Halt. — At  the  word  halt,  feel  the  reins  equally  and 
firmly,  drawing  the  hand  towards  the  body,  and  closing 
for  an  instant  both  legs,  in  order  to  press  the  horse  well 
up  to  the  bridle:  when  the  horse  has  obeyed,  resume  the 
former  position. 

To  Rein  Bach. — Raise  the  hand  a  little  and  draw  it 
gently  to  the  centre  of  the  body,  bending  a  little  forward, 
till  the  horse  obeys — use  the  calves  of  the  legs  only  to 
keep  him  straight;  ease  the  reins  after  every  step  and  feel 
them  again. 

To  Turn  to  the  Right. — Open  the  right  rein  and  close 
gradually  the  right  leg,  making  the  horse  pass  over  a 
quarter  of  a  circle  of  two  or  three  paces,  on  the  line  of 
the  shoulders;  diminish  the  effect  of  the  rein  and  right  leg, 
and  sustain  the  horse  with  the  left  rein  and  leg,  to  termi- 
nate the  movement.  Turning  to  the  left  is  performed  on 
the  same  principles,  by  contrary  movements. 

To  Turn  to  the  Right  (or  Left)  About,  is  performed  by 
similar  movements  continued,  making  the  horse  pass  over 
a  half  circle  of  about  five  paces,  on  the  line  of  the  shoulders. 

To  Trot. — Ease  the  reins  and  press  the  calves  of  both 
legs,  according  to  the  horse's  temper;  then  feel  both  reins 
to  raise  the  fore-hand. 

To  Canter. — A  light  and  firm  feeling  of  the  reins,  to  raise 
the  horse's  fore-hand;  a  pressure  of  both  legs,  to  bring  the 
haunches  under  him. 

Passaging. — When  ground  is  to  be  taken  to  a  flank  by 
passaging  the  whole  move  at  the  words  right  (or  left) 
pass,  march — until  the  word  halt.  In  passaging  to  the 
right,  at  the  words  right  pass,  propel  the  horse's  shoulders 
to  the  right,  by  opening  the  right  rein  and  slightly  closing 
the  right  leg:  at  the  word  march  open  the  right  rein  and 
clos-e  the  left  leg,  in  order  to  make  the  haunches  follow; 
hold  the  right  leg  ready  to  sustain  the  horse.  Passaging 
to  the  left  is  executed  by  contrary  movements. 

Obliquing. — At  the  words  right  oblique,  march,  each 
man  makes  a  quarter  turn  of  his  horse  to  the  right,  so  that 
his  right  knee  comes  behind  the  left  knee  of  the  man  on 


CAVALRY.  11 

his  right;  the  man  on  the  right  of  the  rank  marches  steadily 
in  the  direction  indicated  to  him,  the  others  dress  on  him. 
The  rear-rank  moves  in  the  same  manner,  and  is  regula- 
ted by  the  front-rank,  which  it  takes  care  to  conform  to; 
and  thus  the  horses'  heads  of  the  rear-rank  are  directed  in 
rear  of  the  second  man  from  their  leader  towards  the 
right.  In  obliquing  to  4he  left  the  same  principles  and 
contrary  movements  are  employed. 

Wheeling. — Wheelings  are  of  two  kinds,  from  the  halt 
and  upon  the  move  :  in  either  case  the  dressing  is  the 
outer  or  marching  flank. 

From  the  Halt — the  pivot  man  turns  his  horse  on  Ms 
fore  feet,  keeps  his  ground,  and,  conies  gradually  round 
with  the  rank.  The  outward  flank  man  looks  to  his  rank, 
regulates  the  pace  at  which  the 'wheel  is  made,  and  con- 
ducts the  flank  so  as  to  avoid  crowding  on  the  rank,  the 
men  resisting  pressure  from  the  outward  and  yielding  to 
pressure  from  the  inward  flank.  The  rear-rank  must  rein 
back  at  the  pivot  and  partly  passage  and  incline  towards 
the  wheeling  flank  in  order  to  cover. 

On  the  Move — Both  'flanks  are  kept  in  motion:  the  inner 
flank  describing  an  arc  of  a  lesser  circle:  the  outer  flank 
describing  an  arc  of  a  large  circle  and  moving  about  one- 
half  faster  than  the  rate  at  which  the  body  is  marching: 
the  intermediate  men  conforming  to  the  mevements  of  the 
flanks.  Pressure  must  be  yielded  when  coming  from  the 
side  towards  the  guide,  and  resisted  from  the  opposite  side, 
whether  the  guide  be  on  the  pivot  or  on  the  marching  flank. 

In  the  evolutions,  the  wheelings  are  on  a  fixed  pivot. 
In  changes  of  direction  in  column  the  wheels  are  made 
on  the  move  so  as  not  to  retard  the  march*  the  arcs  des- 
cribed by  the  pivots  are  five  paces,  and  when  marching  in 
column  of  fours  or  twos,  the  pivots  wheel  without  slacking 
the  pace. 

The  wheelings  should  be  first  practiced  in   single  rank. 

In  wheeling  from  line  into  colum,  the  dressing  after  the 
wheel  is  to  the  marching  flank. 

Manual  of  the  Sword. 
DKAtV  SWORD.— Carry  the  right  hand  over  the  reins; 


YALKY. 

run  the  hand  to  the  wrist,  through  the  sword-knot;  grasp 
the  sword  and  draw  it  six  inches  out  of  the  scabbard. 

Draw  the  sword  briskly,  carry  it  to  the  rig-lit  shoulder, 
point  upwards;  drop  the  hand  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
right  thigh;  the  little  finger  on  the  outside  of  the  gripe  and 
the  back  of  the  blade  in  the  hollow  of  the  shoulder.  This 
is  the  position  of  carry-sword,  i 

SLOPE-SWORD— Loosen  the  grasp  of  the  handle,  ad- 
vancing at  the  same  time  the  sword-hand,  with  the  wrist 
turned  up,  so  as  to  allow  the  back  of  the  sword  to  rest  on 
the  shoulder  in  a  sloping  position. 

CARRY-SWORD,— Draw  the  hand  to  its  position,  so  as 
to  allow  the  sword  to  resume  its  'perpendicularity. 

RAISE-SWORDS.— Ss  Front-Bank.  Raise  the  sword- 
hand  perpendicularly  and  bring  it  as  high  as  the  chin, 
blade  to  the  left  and  fingers  opposite  the  face,  which  is  the 
position  preparatory  to  give  point.  Raise  the  wrist  to  the 
height  of  the  eyes,  the  arm  hall  extended,  the  edge  turned 
towards  the  right,  and  the  point  a  little  lower  than  the  wrist. 

As  Rear-Rank. — Raise  the  sword,  the  arm  half  extended; 
the  wrist  a  little  above  the  head;,  the  edge  upwards,  the 
point  backwards  and  about  one  foot  above  the  wrist. 
These  are  the  positions  of  the  sword  by  the  two  ranks  just 
beforg  the  charge  and  at  the  shock  when  the  men  arc  to 
give  point,  or  cut  and  use  their  swords  as  they  see  fit, 
after  breaking  the  line. 

CARRY-SWORDS.— Bring  the  sword  to  its  original 
position  on  the  thigh. 

RETURN-SWORDS.— Raise  the  blade  perpendicularly, 
the  flat  to  the  front,  edge  to  the  left,  the  thumb  to  the 
height  of  the  chin  and  about  six  inches  from  it.  Carry  the 
wrist  near,  and  opposite  to  the  left  shoulder,  drop  the 
point,  turn  the'  head  to  the  left,  return  the  sword,  bringing 
the  head  again  to  the  front  and  the  hand  to  its  position 
behind  the  thigh. 

Officer's  Salute  Mounted. 

Being  at  the  position  of  "  carry-swords ,"  raise  the  hand 
by  a  circular  motion  as  high  as,  and  opposite  to  the  chin, 
With  the  edge  of  the  blade  to  the  left,  then  stretching  the 
arm  out,  an  chit  the  same   time  bringing   the  point  of  the 


CAVALRY.  13 

blade  in  a  lino  with  the  knee  and  foot,  the  edge  still  kept 
to  the  left.  The  salute  being  made,  the  sword  is  recovered 
by  bringing  it  back  smartly  to  carry  swords. 

Dismounted. 

The  salute  is  the  same  as  that  prescribed  for  the  infantry. 
Of  the   Squad. 

The  first  drills  should  be  in  single  rank  of  squads  not 
exceeding  twelve  men.  The  following  examples  apply  to  a 
squad  of  sixteen  men  in  two  ranks,  but  they  are  equally 
applicable  to  a  squad  in  single  rank,  by  leaving  out  what 
regards  the  rear-rank  in  the  instructions. 

The  marches  and  formations  should  be  executed  as  often 
by  the  left  as  by  the  right;  but  in  order  to  avoid  repeti- 
tions of  right  and  left,  they  arc  laid  down  with  reference 
to  the  former  hand  only. 

After  the  men  go  through  the  whole  correctly  at  a  walk, 
the  marches  and  formations  should  be  performed  generally 
at  a  trot. 

Short  halts  should  tal^e  place  at  intervals:  the  men  should 
also  be  dismounted  at  least  once  during  the  drill. 
Formation  of  the  Squad. 

The  Squad  is  formed  in  two  ranks  at  open  order,  six 
yards  distance:  the  men  in  position  of  stand  to  horse. 

ATTENTION,  SQUAD— TELL  OFF  BY  FOURS.— The 
men  of  each  rank  number  themselves  one,  two,  three,  four, 
from  fight  to  left. 

PREPARE  TO  MOUNT.— Numbers  two  and  four  step 
forward  with  the  right  foot,  face  their  horses,  take  the 
snaffle  rein  with  both  hands  near  the  ring,  rein  back  their 
horses  gently  to  the  distance  of  four  yards,  and  all  prepare 
to  mount. 

MOUNT. — As  already  explained.  Being  mounted,  num- 
bers two  and  four  move  into  their  intervals  gently,  and  the 
rear-rank  closes  to  the  distance  of  one  yard  from  the  front 
rank.     (Fig.  1.) 

In  dismounting  in  two  ranks,  at  the  words  prepare  to 
dismount,  numbers  one  and  three  of  the  front-rank  move 
forward  four  paces,  and  two  and  four  of  the  rear-rank  rein 
back  the  same  distance. 

(2) 


14  CAVALRY, 

i 

The  whole  are  then  dismounted  as  already  explained. 
Alignments. 

The  three  right  files  of  each  rank  are  placed  four  paces 
forward  and  aligned. 

BY  FILE,  RIGHT -DRESS.— The  men  of  each  rank  ad- 
vance singly  and  dress  on  the  men  of  their  respective,  ranks 
already  established,  taking-  care  not  to  pass  beyond  them, 
and  feeling  the  touch  of  the  boot  gently  to  the  right. 

FRONT.—  The  men  turn  theirheads  to  the  front.  Dress- 
ing back  is.  practiced  in  the  same  manner.  After  the  men 
are  sufficiently  practiced  to  align  by  tiles,  they  are  taught 
to  align  by  the  whole  rank  at  once,  by  the  command  right 

DRESS. 

Marches  to  the  Right. 

BY   FOURS. 

FOURS,  RIGHT.— Each  rank  wheels  by  fours  to  the 
right.     (Fig.  2.)  '  • 

GUIDE,  LEFT-MARCH.— The  whole  move  forward, 
dressing'  to  the  left. 

By  Section*  of' Fours. 

SECTIONS  OF  FOURS,  RIGHT.— The  whole  vv'hee1 
fours  rigl it  as  before..  v 

GUIDE  LEFT,  MARCH.— The  leading  four  of  the  front- 
rank  marches  straight  forward,  its  rear-rank  inclining 
covering  it;  the  remainder  move  off  their   ground   in  suc- 
cession in   the  same  manner:    first  a  front-rank  four,  and 
then  a  rear-rink  four,  alternately.     (Fig.  3.) 

By  Twos. 

TWOS- RIG  LIT  .—The  right  hand  two  of  the  front-rank 
wheels  to  the  right;  the  remainder  turn  their  {worses'  heads 
towards  the  right. 

.MARCH. — The  leading  two  marches  straight  forward, 
followed  by  its  rear  rank  two:  the  remainder  move  off  their 
ground  in  succession  in  the  same  manner;  first  a  front-rank 
two  and  then  a  rear-rank  two,  alternately,  the  whole  cov- 
ering the  left.     (Fig.  4.) 

Marches  to  the  right  By  Files,  are  made  according  to 
the  same  principles  as  by  Twos,  substituting  in  the  com- 


CAVALRY.  15 

mand  files  for  twos.     The  files   should  be  instructed  to 
cover  accurately. 

>ns  to  the  Left. 

Il  the  column  is  marching  by  subdivisions  of  eight,  or 
if  the  front  of  subdivisions  exceed  that  number,  the  column 
must  be  halted  before  it  is  wheeled  into  line;  in  other  cases 
the  formations  may  be  made  from  the  move. 

m  Fours. 

COLUMN,  HALT  — LEFT  INTO  LINE  WHEEL, 
MARCH.— The  whole  of  the  fours  wheel,  to   the  left,  and 

drcs^  to  the  right.     (Fig.  o.) 

From  Sections  of  Fours: 

LEFT  INTO  LINE,  MARCH.— The  leading  four  wheels 
to  the  left,  and  moves  up  three  horses'   lengths,  followed 

by  its  rear-rank,  the  remainder  continue  moving  on,  and 
as  each  four  arrives  opposite  its  place,  it  wheels  to  the  left, 
and  forms  up  to  the  rank  to  which  il  belongs,  dressing  t<? 
the  right.     (Fig     ().) 

Formations  to  the  left,  From  Twos  and  Files,  are  made 
according  to  the  same  principles  and  by  the  same  com- 
mand as  From  Sections  of  Fours.     (Fig.  7.) 

brmatibn  to  the  Rigid  or  Reverse  Flank. 
These  formations  are  made  from  the  move. 
From  Fours. 

ON  RIGHT  INTO  LINE,  MARCH.— The  rear-rank  four-, 
check  their  pace  till  the  front-rank  fours  of  the  rank  next 
behind  come  up  abreast  of  them;  in  the  meantime  the 
leading  four  of  the  front-rank  wheels  to  the  right,  and  ad- 
vances three  horses'  lengths  beyond  the  right  flank  of  the 
column  and  halts:  its  rear-rank  wheeling  to  tire  right,  cov- 
ering it  and  moving  up  to  the  proper  distance;  the  remain- 
der continue  to  move  on,  each  four  wheeling  to  the  right 
when  opposite  its  place,  and  forming  up  to  the  rank  to 
which  it  belongs,  dressing  to  the  right.     (Fig.  S.) 

From  Sections  of  Fours. 

ON  RIGHT  INTO  LINE,  MARCH.—  The  hauling  four  of 
the  front-rank  wheels  to  the  right,  advances  three  horses' 


lb  CAVALRY. 

lengths,  and  baits;  its  rear-rank  four  arriving  behind  it, 
wheels,  covers,  and  moves  up  to  its  proper  distance;  the 
remainder  continue  moving  on,  and  as  each  four  arrives 
opposite  its  place,  it  wheels  to  the  right,  and  forms  up  to 
the  rank  to  which  it  belongs,  dressing  to  the  right:-  (Fig.  9.) 
Formations  to  the  right  from  Twos  and  Files,  are  made 
according  to  the  same  principles  and  by  the  same  com- 
mand as  from  Sections  of  Fours.     (Fig.  10.) 

Formations  to  the  Front. 
These  formations  are  made  from  a  halt,  or  move. 

From  Fours. 

FRONT  INTO  LINE,  MARCH.— The  leading  four  of 
the  front-rank  advances  three  horses'  lengths  and  halts,  its 
rear-rank  fours  moving  up  by  an  incline,  to  its  proper  dis- 
tance and  covering  it;  the  rest  of  the  rear-rank  fours  check 
their  pace  till  the  front-rank  fours  of  the  rank  next  behind 
come  up  abreast  of  them,  the  whole  moving  up  into  line 
<by  inclining  to  the  left,  and  dressing,  as  they  come  up,  by 
the  right.     (Fig.  11.) 

From  Sections  of  Fours. 

FRONT  INTO  LINE,  MARCH.— The  leading  four  of 
the  front-rank  advances  three  horses'  lengths  and  halts,  its 
rear-rank  four  moving  up  to  its  proper  distance,  and  cover- 
ing it:  the  remainder  move  up  into  line,  by  inclining  to 
the  left,  and  dressing  as  they  come  up,  to  the  right. 
(Fig.  12.) 

Formations  to  the  front,  From  Twos  and  Files,  are  made 
according  to  the  same  principles  and  by  the  same  com- 
mands as  From  Sections  of  Fours.     (Fig.  13.) 

To  Advance  in  Line. 
SQUAD,   FORWARD,    GUIDE    LEFT    (or    RIGHT), 
MARCH. — The  whole  move  forward  together,  dressing  to- 
wards the  guide,  who  marches  straight  to  the  front  on  the 
points  of  direction. 

To  Retire  in  Line. 

This  may  be  done  either  from  a  halt,  or  on  the  move: 
in  both  cases  the  wheels  about  must  be  on  a  fixed  pivot. 

FOURS  RIGHT,  (or  LEFT)  ABOUT.  —  Each  rank 
wheels  about  by  fours. 


CAVALRY.  IT 

GUIDE  RIGHT  (or  LEFT),  MARCH.— The  word  march, 
to  be  given  the  instant  (he  fours  have  gone  about,  and  the 
Whole  move  forward  together,  dressing  towards  the  guide. 

To  resume  the  natural  ordewtho  same  commands  and 
means^are  observed. 

Diminution  and  TncMnse  qf  Front. 

These  movements  are  intended  for  the  passage  of  defiles, 
and  will  be  executed  by  the  sub-divisions  in  succession, 
at  the  same  given  point. 

In  diminishing  from  platoons  to  sections  of  fours  and  so 
down  to  files,  it  will  be  necessary  first  to  halt  the  column, 
in  order  to  avoid  crowding  and  confusion,  which  would, 
otherwise  obviously  arise  from  the  want  of  space  neces- 
sary to  execute  the  movements. 

Diminish, — From  Squadron  to  Companies. 

BY  COMPANIES,  MARCH.— The  right  company  con- 
tinues  to  move  forward;  the  left  company  halts  until  its 
right  is  cleared,  when  its  chief  gives  the  words  right  oblique 
march,  and  as  soon  as  it  covers  in  column,  forward   quide- 

kft- 

From  Companies  to  Platoons. 

BY  PLATOONS,  MARCH.— The  first  platoon  continues 
to  move  forward;  the  second  platoon  halts  until  its  right- is 
disengaged,  when  its  chief  gives  the  words,  right  oblique, 
march,  and  as  soon  as  it  covers  in  column,  forward,  guide- 
left.  The  fourth  platoon  executes  the  same  movement  when 
it  arrives  at  the  place  where  the  second  platoon  broke. 

From  Platoons  to  Sections  of  Fours . 

BY  SECTIONS  OF  FOURS,  MARCH.— The  leading 
right  hand  four  continues  to  move  forward  followed  by  its 
rear-rank;  the  leading  left-hand  four  halts  until  its  right  is 
disengaged,  when  it  obliques  to  the  right,  followed  by  its 
rear-rank,  and  covers  in  column  by  the  left.  All  the  other 
fours  execute  the  same  movement,  as  they  arrive  in  suc- 
cession oh  the  same  ground. 

From  Sections  of  Fours  to  Twos. 

BY  TWOS,  MARCH.— The  leading  right-hand  two  fol- 
lowed bv  its   rear-rank,  continues  to  move  forward;  the 


18  CAVALRY. 

leading  left  hand  two,  halts  until  its  right  is  disengaged, 
when  it  obliques  to  the  right,  followed  by  its  rear-rank,  and 
covers  in  column  by  the  left.  All  the  other  twos  execute 
the  same  movement  as  they  successively  arrive  on  the 
same  ground. 

From  Twos  to  Files. 
BY  FILES,  MARCH.— The  leading  right  hand  file  con- 
tinues to  move  forward,  followed  by  its  left  hand  file,  which 
obliques  to  the  right  for   the  purpose.     All  the  other  files 
make  the  same  movements  as  each  arrives  at  the  same  point. 

Increase.  From  Files  to  Twos. 
FORM  TWOS,  MARCH.— The  leading  file  continues  to 
move  forward;  the  remainder  move  on  at  a  trot,  num- 
bers two  and  four  forming  on  the  left  of  one  and  three,  as 
they  successively  arrive  at  those  last  formed,  and  then 
dropping  into  a  walk. 

From  Twos  to  Sections  of  Fours. 
FORM  SECTIONS  OF  FOURS,  MARCH.— The  lead- 
ing twos  move  steadily  forward;  the  remainder  move  on 
at  a  trot,  numbers  three  and  four  forming  on  the  left  of  one 
and  two,  as  they  successively  arrive  at  those  last  formed) 
and  then  dropping  into  a  walk. 

From  Sections  of  Fours  to  Platoons. 
FORM  PLATOONS,  MARCH.— The  leading  section 
moves  steadily  forward,  the  others  move  on  at  a  trot,  the 
left  sections  forming  on  the  left  of  the  right  sections  cf 
platoons,  as  they  successively  arrive  at  those  last  formed, 
and  then  dropping  into  a  walk. 

From  Platoons   to   Companies. 

FORM  COMPANIES,  MARCH.  — The  first  platoon 
moves  steadily  forward;  the  others  move  on  at  a  trot,  the 
second  platoon  forming  on  the  left  of  the  first,  and  the 
fourth  on  the  left  of  the  third,  as  they  successively  arrive 
at  the  same  point,  and  then  dropping  into  a  walk. 
From  Companies  to  Squadron. 

FORM  SQUADRON,  MARCH.— The  right  company 
moves  steadily  forward;  the  left  company  moves  at  a  trot, 
obliques  to  the  left,  forms  on  the  left  of  the  right  company 
and  then  drops  into  a  walk. 


CAVALRY.  19 

In  the  foregoing  movements,  the  column. is  supposed  to 
be  marching  right  in  front.  If  the  column  should  be 
marching  with  the  left  in  front,  the  movements  would  be 
executed  by  inverse  means. 

Formation  of  the  Company. 

Each  company  forms  on  its  own  parade,  in  single  rank, 
according"  to  size  from  right  to  left,  the  tallest  men  and 
horses  on  the  right. 

The  company  is  next  divided  into  two  equal  parts, 
those  on  the  right  to  compose  the  front-rank,  those  on  the 
left,  the  rear-rank. 

IN  TWO  RANKS  FORM  COMPANY— The  men  com- 
posing the  front-rank  advance  four  paces,  dressing  by  the 
right.  The  men  of  the  rear-rank  turn  their  horses'  heads 
to  the  right. 

MARCH— TV  men  of  the  rear-rank  fde  off  to  the  right, 
in  rear  of  the  front-rank  ;  and  as  each  arrives  opposite  his 
tile-leader,  he  turns  to  the  left  and  covers  at  the  distance 
of  one  yard. 

The  company  is  then  divided  into  two  platoons,  the  first 
platoon  on  the  right,  the  second  on  the  left  ;  cash  consist- 
ing of  eight  files.  # 

The  non-commissioned  officers  are  next  posted  as  follows: 
the  first  sergeant  on  the  right  of  tho  company,  in  the  rank 
of  file-closers,  (one  yard  from  the  rear-rank,)  the  second, 
third,  fourth  and  fifth  sergeants,  in  the  front-rank  on  the 
right  and  left  of  each  platoon,  each  covered  by  a  corporal. 
The  company  thus  formed  will  present  thirty-two  men,  in- 
cluding sergeants  and  corporals  in  the  ranks,  or  sixteen  files. 

The  captain  is  in  front  of  the  centre  of  the  company, 
one  yard  from  .the  front  rank  :  the  first  lieutenant  com- 
mands the  first  platoon,  and  the  second  lieutenant  com- 
mands the  second  platoon,  each  taking  post  in  front  of  the 
centre  of  his  platoon  in  a  line  with  the  captain. 

The  saddler  and  farrier  are  in  the  rear  of  the  left  of  the 
company,  eight  yards  in  the  rear  of  the  rank  of  file-clo.?ers  ; 
and  the  trumpets  twenty  yards  in  rear  of  the  centre. 

The  company  being  formed,  the  men,  including  the 
non-commissioned  officers  in  tho  ranks,  are  told  oil*  by 
fours,  beginning  on  tho  right  of  each  rank. 


2«  \\Li:y. 

It  is  recommended  to  the  militia,  to  form  and  exercise  in 
single  rank,  both  as  a  simpler  formation  and  as  more  use- 
ful and  effective  on  many  occasions  in  which  they  may  be 
required  to  act. 

Formation  of  the  Squadron. 

Two  companies  constitute  a  squadron,  and  when  united 
for  that  purpose,  the  platoons  are  numbred  from  right  to 
left,  fird,  second,  third,  fourth. 

The  officers  are  posted  as  follows  : 

The  senior  captain  commands  the  squadron  and  is  in 
front  of  the  centre,  one  yard  from  the  front  rank  :  the 
junior  captain  three  yards  in  the  rear  of  the  centre  :  the 
first  lieutenants  in  front  of  the  centre  of  their  respective 
companies  on  a  line  with  the  senior  captain,  each  com- 
manding his  own  company  ;  the  second  lieutanants  in  rear 
of  the  centre  of  their  respective  companies  in  the  rank  of 
file  closers. 

The  first  sergeants  of  companies  are  on  the  right  and 
one  on  the  left  of  the  squadron,  ill  the  rank  of  file  closers, 
to  be  employed  as  markers.  The  other  non-commissioned 
officers  retain  their  places  in  line. 

The  saddlers  and  farriers  retain  their  places  in  their  re- 
spective companies  ;  the  trumpets  are  twenty  yards  in 
rear  of  the  centre  of  the  squadron. 

When  a  single  company  of  militia  acts  in  one  rank,  it 
should,  unless  very  weak  in  number,  be  told  off  and  formed 
as  a  squadron. 

Formation  of  the  Regiment.     (Fig.  14.) 

Three  squadrons  ordinarily  constitute  a  regiment  ;  the 
squadrons  are  numbered  from  right  to  left,  first,  second, 
third. 

The  intervals  between  the  squadrons  are  ten  yards.  The 
colonel  is  eight  yards  in  advance  of  the  centre  of  the 
regiment,  and  attended  by  an  officer  and  a  trumpeter. 

The  lieutenant-colonel  in  front  of  the  centre  of  the  first, 
and  the  major  in  front  of  the  centre  of  the  third  squadron; 
both  on  a  line  with  the  colonel.  The  adjutant  on  a  line 
with  the  front-rank,  two  yards  from  the  right  :  the  ser- 
geant-major on  the  same  line,  two  yards  from  the  left  of 
the  regiment. 


CAVALRY.  21 

The  duties  of  the  field   officers,  adjutant  and  sergeant- 

major,  are  the  same  as  prescribed  in  the  infantry  tactics. 

The  quartermaster,  surgeon,  and  assistant  surgeon,  post- 
ed from  right  to  left  in  the  order  they  are  mentioned,  are 
in  the  rear  of  the  center  of  the  regiment,  four  yards  from 
the  rank  of  file-closers:  the  veterinary  surgeon  six  yards  on 
their  left.  The  quartermaster-sergeant,  in  rear  of  the  right 
of  the  second  squadron,  six  yards  behind  the  rank  of  file- 
closers.  The  trumpets  twenty  yards  in  rear  of  the  centre 
of  the  regiment. 

The  sergeant  on  the  left  of  the  right  company  of  the 
centre  squadron,  carries  the  standard;  and  the  sergeants 
on  the  left  of  the  right  platoons  of  companies,  carry  each 
a  guidon. 

To  Open  and  Close  Ranis. 

The  ranks  being  closed,  the  commanding  officer  gives 
the  words,"  prepare  to  open  ranks,  when  the  markers  of 
squadrons  place  themselves*  on  the  flanks  of  their  squad- 
rons in  the  rear-rank.  The  commanding  officer  then  adds, 
to  the  rear  open  order;  at  which  the  markers  rein  back 
live  yards  and  arc  aligned  by  the  right,  by  the  lieutenant- 
colonel.  The  commanding  officer  then  gives  the  word 
march,  when  the  rear-rank  reins  back  and  is  aligned  by 
the  lieutenant-colonel  on  the  markers,  the  whole  dressing 
by  the  right.  The  file-closers  rein  back  at  the  word  maim  ir, 
and  place  themselves  one  yard  in  rear  of  the  rear-rank.  The 
rear-rank  being  aligned,  the  commanding  officer  gives  the 
word  eroxt. 

When  the  ranks  are  to  close,  the  commanding  officer 
gives  the  words  close  order,  march.  At  the  word  march, 
the  rear-rank  closes  to  the  front,  each  man  covering  his 
file-leader  at  the  prescribed  distance,  and  the  markers  take 
their  places  as  file-closers. 

Posts  of  Officers  and  others  in  Column. 
Column  of  Twos  or  Fours,  {Eight  in  F%ont.) 
The  colonel,  abreast  with  the  centre  of  the  regiment, 
eight  yards  from  the  left  flank  of  the  column. 

The  lieutenant-colonel  and  major  on  the  same  flank,  the 
first  abreast  with  the  centre  of  the  two  first  squadrons  and 
the  last,  abreast  with  the  centre  of  the  last  squadron. 


::■ 

The  adjutant  on  the  same  flank,  abreast  with  the  lending 
files;  the  sergeant-major  in  rear  of  the  column,  except 
when  the  left  is  in  front,  when  lie  is  on  the  right  flank, 
abreast  with  the  leading  files. 

The  chiefs  of  squadrons  on  the  left  flank  opposite  to  the 
centre  of  their  squadrons,  the  junior  captains  in  the  same 
relative  position,  on  the  right  flank.  The  chiefs  of  the  1 
in?;  companies  of  squadrons,  in  front  of  their-  companies, 
the  chiefs  of  the  other  companies  on  the  left  of  their  lead- 
ing files. 

The  file-closers  on  the  right  flank  of  the  column,  abreast 
with   the  files  they  cover  when  in  line.     The  trumpets  six 
yards  in  advance  of  the  officers  ot  the  head  of  the  column. 
Column  of  Platoons. 

.  The  field  officers,  adjutant  and  sergeant-major,  as  in  col- 
umn  of  fours. 

The  chiefs  of  squadrons  on  the  left  flank,  abreast  with 
1  heir  second  platoons.  The  junior  captains  on  i\\o  right 
flank,  abreast  .with  the  third  platoons.  The  chiefs  of  pla- 
toons on  the  left  of  their  platoon.  The  file  closers  on  the 
right  of  their  platoons. 

The  trumpets  as  in  columns  of  fours. 

Column  of  Companies. 

The  field  officers,  adjutant  and  sergeant-major,  as  in 
column  of  platoons. 

The  chiefs  of  squadrons,  junior  captains  Oi  squadrons, 
and  trumpets,  as  in  column  of  platoons,  all  the  other  offi- 
cers and  non -commissioned  officers  as  in  line. 
Close  Column.     Of  Squadrons. 

The  field  officers,  adjutant,  sergeant-major,  and  trumpets, 
as  in  column  of  companies.  All  the  other  officers  and  non- 
commissioned officers,  as  in  line,  except  chiefs  of  squad- 
rons, who  are  on  their  left  flanks. 

The  distance  from  one  squadron  to  another,  in  close 
column,  is  ten  yards. 

In  all  movements  in  column,  the  officers  not  herein  pro- 
vided for,  march  in  rear  of  the  regiment. 
Of  the  Charge  or  Attack. 

The- charge  is  regulated  by  the  principles  of  the  direct 


CAVALRY.  23 

march,  but  is  more  animated  and  impetuous.  The  enemy 
is  the  point  of  direction,  and  his  overthrow  the  object. 
It  commences  with  a  1  n  a  gallop,  constantly 

increasing™  velocity, in  proportion  to  the  apj  i  ih<< 

enemy,  and  finally  assumes  Hie.  character  of    an   at' 
There  rfre  three  modes  of  charging.     In  a  line  parallel  or 
oblique    to   the   front  of  the   enemy,  by  echellon,  and  in 
column. 

When  at  a  sui  m  the  enemy  to  make  a 

charge,  say  about  250  yards,  the  commanding  officer  com- 
mands, REGIMENT,     (SQUADRON  OR  COMPANY)     DRAW — SWOR] 

trot — march.  Tin1  regiment  continues  at  a.  trot  for  150 
paces,  when  the  coramandin  sword  gallop,. 

which   is   repeated   by    the   field   officers   and   chiefs    of 

drons.  He  then  commands  march,  which  in  like  man- 
lier is  repeated;  and  alter  passing  about  100  paces  at  a  gal- 
lop, the  commanding  officer  eauses  the  charge  to  be  sounded 
by  all  the  trumpets,  at  which  signal  p  is  Lncre  i 

in  speed.  The  men  rise  in  their  stirrups,  lowering  the 
bridle  hand,  but  keeping  command  of  their  horses,  as  well 
as  pr  r,  and  thus  dash  upon  the  ene- 

thc  front  rank  with  the  sword   pointed  forward,  bu- 
ddy  before  the  shock,  and  the  rear-rank  with    the 
sword  to   th""  The   enemy   being  routed,  the  com- 

manding officer  orders  the  trumpeters  to  sound  the  redly, 
when  each  man  pulls  up  and  joins  his  standard.  Ibit  as 
it  is  important  that  the  enemy  should  not  have  time  to 
rally,  the  flank  platoons  of  each  squadron  or  some  others, 
are  sent  in  pursuit,  and  to  recall  them  the  rally  is  sounded, 
when  they  return  to  their  respective  places  in  their  squad- 
rons. 

Thecharge  ought  always,  if  possible,  to  be  anticipal 
as  their  is  great  danger  of  being  overthrown  by  receiving 
a  charge  at  a  halt. 

w  the  signal  to  charge,  officers  in    the  front  of  the  line, 

•  the  file  in  the  rear  of  them  to  fall  back  so  as  to  admit 
the  croup  of  their  horses  into  the  rank.  Chiefs  of  squad- 
rons charge  at  the  head  of  their  respective  squadrons. 
The  colonel  at  the  head  of  such  squadrons  as  lie  may 
think  his  presence  most  accessary.     The  lieutenant-colonel 

major  at  the  head  of  other  squadrons  of  their  wing. 


24  CAVALRY. 

Adjutants,  sergeantsciuajor,  and  general  guides,  keep  their 
places  as  in  line.  The  trumpets  in  rear  of  the  centre,  with 
the  trumpet-major  at  their  head,  unless  the  colonel  shall 
see  lit  to  have  them  near  his  person. 

Rules  for   Guides  and  Markers. 

The  guides  arc  the  non-commissioned  officers  oii  the 
right  and  left  of  platoons,  told  off  in  the  ranks. 

Guides  should  be  instructed  to  march  with  precision,  to 
cover  correctly,  and  to  judge  of  distances  by  tlie  eye  ;  as 
on  them  depend,  in  a  great  measure,  the  accuracy  with 
which  the  movements  are  performed. 

It  may  sometimes  happen  that-  the  proper  guides  are 
not  on  the  directing  flank  of  a  column,  as  in  the  marches 
by  fours  and  twos  :  in  such  cases,  the  men  on  that  flank 
serve  as  guides  for  the  time  being. 

The  markers  to  be  employed  for  regimental  movements 
are  the  first  sergeants  of  companies.  There  are  two  for 
each  squadron,  and  their  duties  are  to  mark  the  line  on 
which  their  squadrons  are  to  rest  in  the  different  formations. 

The  markers  of  the  squadron  to  which  the  base  company 
belongs,  mark  the  base  of  the  intended  line,  and  are 
placed  by  a  Held  officer,  or  the  Adjutant,  at  points  where 
the  right  and  left  files  of  the  base  company  are  to  rest. 
Upon  the  caution  being  given  for  a  movement,  the  base  is 
instantly  placed. 

The  right  markers  of  squadrons,  which  are  to  form  on 
the  right  of  the  base,  mark  -the  points  where  the  right  of 
their  squadrons  are  to  rest  ;  and  the  .left  markers  of  squad- 
rons which  are  to  form  on  the  left  of  the  base,  mark  the 
points  where  the  left  of  their  squadrons  are  to  rest.  Each 
moves  out  from  his  squadron  and  faces  toward  the  base 
markers  just  time  enough  to*  take  his  dressing  from  them, 
before  his  squadron  arrives  on  the  line. 

In  marking  lines,  the  markers  raise  their  swords  to  the 
height  of  the  cheek,  keeping  the  blade,  the  edge  to  the 
front,  perfectly  upright.  They  remain  posted  until  the 
commanding  officer  gives  the  word  front,  (which  should 
succeed  each  formation,)  when  they  retire  to  their  places 
in'  line. 

In  aligning  their  squadrons,  the  chiefs  place  themselves 


CAVALRY.  25 

on  that  flank  towards  which  the  men  arc  to  dress,  and  give 
the  word  front,  when  their  squadrons  are  aligned. 

In  forming  close  column,  the  base  for  the  covering  con- 
sists of  the  markers  of  that  squadron  on  which  the  forma- 
tion takes  place  ;  who  are  placed  by  the  lieutenant-colonel, 
immediately  upon  the  caution,  facing  to  the  pivot  flank  of 
the  intended  column. 

In  deployments,  and  all  other  movements  from  close 
column,  the  base  consists  of  the  markers  of  that  squadron 
upon  which  the  deployment  or  movement  takes  place  ; 
who  are  posted  by  a  field  officer,  or  the  adjutant,  imme- 
diately upon  the  caution,  at  points  where  the  flanks  of  that 
squadron  are  to  rest. 

When  a  column  changes  direction  in  marching,  one  of 
the  markers  of  the  leading  squadron  is  placed  at  the  point 
where  such  change  is  made.  This  marker  remains  posted 
until  the  head  of  the  next  succeeding  squadron  is  abreast 
with  him,  when  his  place  is  supplied  by  the  marker  of 
that  squadron,  who  in  like  manner  is  relieved  by  the 
marker  of  the  next  squadron  ;  and  so  in  succession. 

The  markers  are  reetificd  in  their  position  by  a  field 
officer,  or  the  adjutant. 

Movements. 

The  following  movements  arc  arranged  throughout  as 
for  three  squadrons  ;  but  they  are  applicable  to  any  num- 
ber. They  are  detailed  as  performed  from  the  right,  but 
they  may  be  performed  from  the  left,  by  substituting  in 
the  cautions  and  commands,  left  for   right  and  right  for 

LEIT. 

Movements  from  Line.     No.    1. 

To  change  Front  For  ward  on  First  Squadron.     (Fig.  15.) 

Commanding  officer, )  CHANGE  FRONT  FORWARD 
repeated  by  chiefs  of  [  ON  RIGHT  COMPANY  OF 
squadrons/  )  FIRST   SQUADRON* 

Chief  of  base  company — Company,  Tight-wheel. 

Chief  of  company  next  the  base — Company,  forward. 

•The  base  ta  given  by  the  markers  of  Hio  first  squadron,  placed  on  the  new  line  in  front 
of  the  right  and  left  files  of  the  base  company,  facing  to  the  right. 


m  CAVALRY. 

Chiefs  of  2d  and  3d  squadrons — By  company,  right  half- 
wheel. 
Commanding  officer,  repeated  (   WALK  ]  AriP(,R 

by  same  chiefs.  "j  or  TROT  [  MAKUtl- 

On  the  word  march,  the  whole  move  as  follows  ; 

The  base  company  wheels  to  the  right  and  is  aligned  on 
the  markers,  receiving  from  its  chief  the  words  halt,  right- 
dress. 

The  company  next  the  base  advances  until  its  right  un- 
covers the  left  of  the  right  company  ;  it  then  receives  from 
its  chief  the  words  right-wheel,  followed  by  forward,  hall, 
right-dress. 

The  other  companies  wheel  half  right,  and  then  receiving 
the  words  forward,  guide-right,  from  the  chiefs  of  squad- 
rons, advance  in  echellon  towards  the  new  line.  Each 
company  on  approaching  its  place,  receives  from  its  chief 
right-wheel,  followed  fay  forward,  and  on  arriving  on  a  line 
with  the  rear-rank  of  the  preceding  company,  hall,  righl- 
dres  . 

■  Movement  l\To.  2,  from    Line. 
To  change  front  to  the  rear  on  the  left  Squadron. 

(Fig.   16.) 
Commanding   officer, '( CHANGE    FRONT    TO    THE 
repeated    by    chiefs    of-  REAR  ON    LEFT   COMPANY 
squadrons.  (  OF  THIRD  SQUADRON*. 

Chienbf  base  company — Company,  right-wheel. 

Chief  of  company  next  the  base — Company,  fours,  right- 
about, followed  by — company,  right-wheel,  as  soon  as  fours 
have  gone  about. 

Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  Squadrons— -Yours  right-about,  fol- 
lowed by — By  company,  right  hat/ -wheel,  as  soon  as  fours 
have  gone  about. 

Commanding  officer,  re- j    WALK    )  M,p(l,, 
peated  by  same  chiefs,      {  or  TROT  j"  MAltun- 

On  the  word  march,  the  base  company  wheels  to  the 
right,  and  is  aligned  on  the  markers,  receiving  from  its 
chief  the  words  halt,  left-dress.  The  company  next  the 
base  having  wheeled  to  the  right,  receives  from  its  chief 
the  word  forward,  passes  the  line  a  horse's  length,  leaving 

*Thebase  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  third  squadron,  placed  on  the  new  line  in 
front  of  the  left  and  right  files  of  the  base  company,  facing  to  the  left. 


CAVALRY.  Wl 

sufficient  interval  between  it  and  the  Iefl  company,  to 
enable  it  to  wheel  about  by  four?,  and  receive  from  its 
chief,  halt,  fou/s,  right-about,  left-dress.  The  other  com- 
panies wheel  half  right,  and  receivivg  from  the  chief  of 
squadrons,  the  words  forward,  guide-right,  retire  in  echel- 
lon  towards  the  new  line  ;  each  company,  on  approaching 
its  place,  receives  from  its  chief  right-wheel,  followed  by 
forward,  and  when  if  has  passed  the  line  a  horse's  length, 
taking  care  to  leave  su  round  an  its  right  to  wheel 

about,  receives  from  its  chief  halt,  fours,  right-  about,  left- 
dress. 

rement  No.  o,  from  Line. 
To  change  front  on  central  Squadron.     (Fig.  17.) 

[CHANGE  FRONT  ON  RIGHT 
Commanding  officer,    ;  COMPANY    OF    SECOND 

repeated   bv  chiefs  of   |  SQUADRON,  LEFT-WING 

squadrons.  *  FORWARD.f 

Chief  of  base  Company — Cpmpany,  right-wheel 
Chief  of  company  next  the  base  -Company,  forward, 

i      Four*,  right-about,  followed  by 
Chief  1st  squadron,     -;  By    company,     right    half-wheel, 
(  as  soon  as  fours  have  gone  about. 
Chief  of  3d  squadron — By  company,  right  half-wi 
Commanding  officer,  re-  (  WALK  or)  ,r,pPTT 
peated  by  same  chiefs-       j      TROT—  )  MA^n- 

On  the  word  mabch,  the  companies  of  the  second  squad- 
ron execute  what  has  been  prescribed  in  No.  1,  for  the 
companies  of 'the  first  squadron.  The -companies  of  the 
thud  squadron  conform  to  what  is  prescribed  in  the  same 
No.  for  the  companies  of  the  second  and  third  squadrons; 
and  the  companies  of  the  first  squadron  to  what  is  pre- 
scribed in  No.  2,  for  the  companies  of  the  first  and  second 
squadrons. 

Ala  cement  No.  4,  from  line. 
To  break  to  the  right  into  column.     (Fig.  18.) 

Commanding  officer,  re-  (  BY  COMPANY,  RIGHT- 
peated  by  chiefs  of  squad- -J  WHEEL,  WALK  (or  TROT) 
reus.  (—MARCH. 

t  The  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  second  squadron,  placed  on  the  nnw  Hoe  In 
front  of  the  right  and  lefl  files  of  the  base  company,  facing  to  the  right 


28  CAVALRY. 

On  the  word  march,  the  companies  wheel  to  the  right, 
•and  receive  from  their  chiefs  the  words,  halt,  left-dress,  fol- 
lowed by front. 

Should  it  be  intended  to  move  the  column  forward,  the 
commanding  officer  gives  the  words,  column  forward, 
guide-left,  walk  (or  trot) — march,  and  the  whole  move 
forward  at  the  pace  indicated. 

If,  while  the  column  is  in  march.,  it  lie  intended  to 
change  direction  by  the  head,  the  commanding  officer 
gives  the  words,  head  of  column  to  the  right,  (or  left,) 
wThen  the  chief*  of  the  leading  company  adds,  company, 
right  (or  left)  wheel-march.  The  company  having  wheeled 
into  the  new  direction,  its  chief  gives  the  word  forward, 
and  the  company  resumes  the  direct  march.  Each  com- 
pany, on  arriving  on  the  ground  where  the  first  wheeled, 
executes* the  same  movement,  receiving  from  its  chief  the 
same  command. 

Movement  No.  5,  from  line. 
To  break  to  the  right,  to  march  to  the  I  ft.     (Fig.  19.) 
Commanding  officer,  re-  (    BY  COMPANY, BREAK  TO 
peated  by  chiefs  of  squad-  -J  THE    RIGHT,    TO    MARCH 
rons.  (TO  THE  LEFT. 

Chief  of  right  company,  1st  squadron — Company  for- 
icard,  g aide-left. 

peated  by  same  chief,         \      trot —     [ 

On  the  word  march,  the  right  company  of  the  first 
squadron  advances  ten  paces,  wheels  to  the  left  by  com- 
mand of  its  chief,  and  marches  forward.  The  other  com- 
panies do  the  same,  in  succession  ;  their  chiefs  giving  the 
command  in  time  to  enable  them  to  take  their  proper  dis- 
tances in  column. 

Movement  No.  6,  from  line. 

To  break  by  the  rigid,  to  the  rear,  to  march  to  the  left. 

(Fig.  20.) 

f  '    BY    COMPANY,    BY 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  J  THE  RIGHT,  BREAK  TO 

ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,         j  THE' REAR,  TO  MARCH 

[TO  THE  LEFT. 


Commanding  officer,  re-  f  WALK  or  \  mapptt 


CAVALRY.  29 

Chief  of  right  company,  1st  squadron-^-Ccwwpany;  right 

aboul-icheel. 

Comrnmanding  officer,  re-  (  WALK  or  )  Ar  .p«rj  > 
peated  by  same  chief,  (     trot—     j  MAKOil  • 

On  the  word  march,  the  right  company  of  the  first 
squadron  wheels  about,  receives  the  words  forward,  guide 
-left,  from  its  chief,  marches  ten  paces  to  the  rear  ;  wheels 
again  to  the  right  by  command  of  its  chief,  and  again  re- 
ceiving the  word  forward,  continues  its  march.  The  other 
companies  are,  in  succession,  wheeled  to  the  right-about 
by  their  chiefs,  and  moving  to  the  rear  in  like  manner,  fol- 
low in  column.  • 

The  movements  in  this  and  the  preceding  number,  arc  in- 
tended for  the  passage  of  defiles  in  front  and  rear  of  the  left. 

Movement  No.  1,  from  Line. 
To  ploy  into  close  column,  on  second  squadron.     (Fig.  21.) 

.      (      CLOSE  COLUMN  ON 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  -  SECOND  SQUADRON, 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,         (  RIGHT  IN  FRONT.* 

Chief  of  1st  squadron — Squadron,  fours  left. 

Chief  of  3d  squadron — Squadron,  fours  right. 

Commanding  officer,  repeated  j  WALK  or  )  iyr  apptt 
by  chiefs  of  1st  &  3d  squadrons,  \      trot—     j  MAKO±*- 

On  the  word  march,  the  second  squadron  stands  fast,  its 
chief  giving  the  words  guide  left.  The  first  squadron  hav- 
ing wheeled  fours  left,  is  conducted  by  its  chief  (on  the 
right  flank  of  the  leading  fours)  along  the  front  of  the  se- 
cond squadron  •  when  abreast  of  the  fourth  file  from  the 
left  of  the  second  squadron,  the  chief  of  the  first  squadron 
gives  the  words  halt,  fours  right,  left-dress  and  front.  The 
third  squadron  having  wheeled  fours  right,  is  conducted 
by  its  chief  (on  the  left  flank  of  the  leading  fours)  towards 
its  place  in  rear  of  the  second  squadron  ;  he  himself  halts 
where  its  left  will  cover  on  the  second  squadron,  allows 
his  squadton  to  pass  him,  and  as  soon  as  the  left  is  up 
with  him,  gives  the  words  halt,  fours  left,  followed  by  left- 
dress  and  front. 

The  above  instructions  are  applicable  to  the  formation 

*  The  base  for  the  covering  of  the  pivotffis  <;ivnn  by  the  makers  of  the  second  squadron 
placed  in  front  of  the  left  Bank  of  the  leading  squadron,  facing  to  the  rear. 


30  CAVALRY. 

of  close  column  on  a  flank  squadron,  by  naming  it  in  the 
caution,  with  either  the  right  or  left  in  front  ;  the  chiefs  of 
squadrons  giving  their  commands  accordingly. 

Movement  No.  8,  from  Line. 
To  advance  in  echellon  of  squadrons.     (Fig.  22.) 

'  (      ADVANCE  IN  ECHEL- 
i    Commanding  officer,  repeat-*-]  LON    OF    SQUADRONS 
cd  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,         (  FROM  THE  RIGHT. 
Chief  of  1st  squadron — Squadron  forward . 

Commanding  officer,  re-  X  WALK  or  )  ^ r  *pp re- 
peated by  same  chief,        \      trot —     j 

On  the  cauMon  to  advance,  the  squadron-markers  place 
themselves  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  front  rank  of  their 
squadrons.  On  the  word  march,  the  first  squadron  ad- 
vances. The  remaining  squadrons  receive  the  word  march, 
from  their  chiefs,  in  succession,  as  soon  as  each  has  got  a 
distance  equal  to  its  front  and  interval  from  the  one  which 
precedes  it  ;  the  right  markers  of  squadrons  taking  care  to 
preserve  that  distance  and  interval.  During  this  march 
the  guide  is  to  the  right. 

The  retreat  in  echellon  is  exactly  like  the  advance,  each 
squadron  wheeling  to  the  right-about  by  fours,  just  in  time 
not  to  lose  its  distance  from  the  one  before  it.  In  the  cau- 
tion, the  word  retire  is  substituted  for  advance. 

When  squadrons,  having  advanced  in  echellon,  are  re- 
quired to  form  line  to  the  front,  the  squadron,  on  which 
the  line  is  to  be  formed,  is  named  ;  those  squadrons  in 
front,  if  any,  are  wheeled  about  by  fours  to  the  right,  and 
the  whole  move  into  line  upon  the  named  squadron. 

When  a  formation  into  line  is  required  to  the  left,  the 
squadrons  wheel  to  that  hand,  and  form  line  upon  a  named 
squadron. 

If,  while  advancing  in  echellon  from  the  right,  it  be  re- 
quired to  form  an  oblique  line   to  the  left,  the  squadrons 
ctose  to  company  distance,  on  the  named  squadron,  and  — 
then  half  wheel  to  the  left  into  line. 

Movement  No.  9,  from  Line. 
Passage  of  lines  to  the  front.     (Fig.  22.) 

(     ADVANCE  BY  FOURS 
Commanding    officers,    re-  -  FROM  THE   RIGHT   OF 
peated  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,  (  SQUADRONS. 


CAVALRY.  31 

Chiefs  ol  Squadrons-^/owrs  right-  -leading  fours,  left-wheel. 
Commanding   officer,  (   WALK    I  fcrA-prm 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (  or  TROT  )  iMAM  '  ' 
"  On  the  word  mtRCH,  each  n  wheeling  fours  right, 

and  its  leading  fours  again  to  the  left,  advances  through 
the  intervals  of  the  line  in  front,  each  squadron  passing  on 
the  right  of  the  squadron  in  its  front. 

When  the  line  is  to  be  formed  again,  the  commanding 
officer  gives  the  words,  front  into  line-march,  (repeated 
by  chiefs  of  squadrons,)  when  each  squadron  forms  on  its 
leading  fours  ;  the  chiefs  dress  their  squadrons  by  the 
right,  and  then  resume  their  places. 

The  intervals  of  heads  of  squadrons  from  each  other, 
are  preserved  from  the  first  squadron. 

Movement   JSfo.    10,  from  Line. 
Passage  of  lines  to  (he  rear.  .  (Fig.  24.) 

,.        ffi  ,    (       RETIRE   BY  FOURS 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  \ FRQM  TRE  pJGRT  ()F 

ed  by  chiefs  ot  squadrons,         /  SOFADRONS 

Chiefs  of  squadrons — Fours  right. — lending  fours,  right- 
wheel. 

Commanding    officer,  (   WALK    {  \\\pnu 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (or  TROT) 

On    the    word    march,    each   squadron,    wheeling  fi 
right' and  its  leading  fours  again  to  the  right,  retires.    The 
intervals  of  the  heads  of  squadrons    from  each  other  are 
preserved  from  the  first  squadron.     Each  squadron  passes 
through  the  interval,  on  the  left  of  the  squadron  in  its  rear. 

When  the  columns  approach  within  fifty  yards  of  the 
place  where  the  commanding  officer  intends  to  reform  his 
line,  the  lieutenant-colonel  moves  forward  and  establishes 
a  marker  at  the  point  where  the  right  of  the  first  squadron 
is  to  rest.  The  left  squadron  markers  then  move  out  and 
mark  the  points  where  the  left  of  their  squadrons  are  to 
rest  on  the  line,  and  each  chief  conducts  his  squadron 
round  his  loft  marker,  towards  the  point  where  the  right 
of  his  squadron  is  to  rest,  and  when  there  gives  the 
words  halt,  fours,  left,  right-dress,  followed  by  front,  and 
resumes  his  place  in  line. 


32  ^CAVALRY. 

Movement  No.  11,  from  Line. 

To  March  in  Line. 

To  cause  the  regiment  to  advance  in  line,  the  command- 
ing-officer gives  the  caution,  regulate  ox-squadrox.  Squad- 
rons forward,  (repeated  by  chiefs  of  squadrons, )  on  which 
all  the  squadron  markers  move,  to  the  right  and  left  of  the 
front  rank  of  their  respective  squadrons.  If  the  first,  cen- 
tral, or  any  intermediate  squadron  is  to  be  the  regulating 
one,  the  lieutenant-colonel  causes  the  right  marker  of  that 
particular  squadron  to  place  himself  exactly  in  front  of  the 
right  guide  of  his  squadron,  on  a  line  with  the  officers,  and 
designates  to  him  the  point  on  which  he  is  to  march.  If 
the  regulating  squadron  is  on  the  left  of  the  centre,  the 
left  marker  .of  that  particular  squadron  is  placed  in  like 
manner,  in  front  of  the  left  guide  of  his  squadron. 

These  dispositions  being  made,  the  commanding  officer 
gives  the  word  march  (repeated  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,) 
and  the  whole  move  forward.  The  officers  in  front  of 
squadrons  maintain  themselves  on  the  alignment  of  the 
marker  of  the  regulating  squadron,  without  regarding  the 
dressing  of  their  men.  Each  squadron  dresses  towards 
the  regulating  one,  and  the  intervals  arc  preserved  in  that 
direction.  The  squadrons  should,  if  any  thing,  be  rather 
behind,  than  in  advance  of  the' regulating  squadron. 

If  an  obstacle  present  itself  in  front  of  a  platoon,  com- 
pany, or  squadron,  its  chief  places  is  behind  the  platoon, 
company,  or  squadron,  to  the  right  or  left,  according  to. 
circumstances,  by  wheeling  by  platoons  to  the  right  or 
left  ;  and  when  the  obstacle  is  passed,  bringing  it  into 
line  by  a  contrary  movement. 

If,  while  marching  in  line,  it  be  intended  to  gain  ground 
to  the  front  and  to  the  flank,  the  commanding  officer  gives 
the  words,  by  company,  right  (or  left)  half  wheel — 
march,  and  when  sufficiently  wheeled,  he  adds,  forward, 
guide  right  [or  left  ;]  the  whole  move  in  the  direction 
indicated,  in  echellon  of  companies.  To  bring  them  again 
into  line,  and  to  continue  the  direct  march,  the  command- 
ing officer  gives  the  words,  by  company,  left  [or  right] 
half-wheel  march,  and  when  wheeled  into  line,  he  adds, 
forward — when    the    line   moves   forward,  conforming  to 


CAVALRY.  C3 

what  has  already  been  prescribed.  The  commands  here 
given,  ajp  repeated  by  chiefs  of  squadrons. 

To  halt  the  regiment,  marching  in  lino,  the  commanding 
.officer  gives  the  words,  regiment,  halt.  At  the  word  halt, 
repeated  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,  each  squadron  halts. 
The  markers  of  the  regulating  squadron  place  themselves, 
facing  to  the  right,  in  frOnt  of  the  right  and  left  files  of 
their  squadron,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  line  of  officers, 
so  as  not  to  be  masked  by  them,  and  are  rectified  on  the 
alignment  by  the  lieutenant-colonel.  The  right  markers 
of  squadrons  on  the  right  of  the  regulating  one.  and  the' 
left  markers  of  those  on  its  left,  step  out,  face  towards  the 
markers  already  established,  and  are  rectified  on  them  by 
the  lieutenant-Colonel.  The  commanding  officer  then 
gives  the  words,  ox — squadron — dress,  when  each  squad- 
ron moves  forward  on  the  alignment,  dressing  towards  the 
regulating  squadron.  The  alignment  being  completed, 
the  commanding  officer  gives  the  word,  front,  and  the 
markers  retire. 

In  the  retreat  in  line,  the  same  rules  apply  as  in  the 
advance,  the  squadrons  wheeling  about  by  fours,  and  the 
file-closers  acting  as  leaders,  except  that  they  give  no 
commands. 

.The  march  in  line  being  a  difficult  and  important 
movement,  should  be  frequently  practiced,  in  order  to 
render  it  as  familiar  and  as  eas}r  as  possible. 

Movements  from  Close  Column,  No.  1. 

To  Deploy  on  Second  Squadron.     (Fig,  25.) 

n  „'«:■(  DEPLOY  OX  SECOND  SQUAD- 

Commandmg  officer,   -  p^v^.  ^ 

Chief  of  1st  squadron — Fours  rigid. 

Chief  of  3d  squadron — Fours  left. 

Commanding  officer,     (WALK  or  )  ifA<RrW 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (      TROT-    )  ' 

On  the  word  march,  the  first  squadron  leads  out  to  the 
right,  and  the  third  squadron  leads  out  to  the  left,  each 
conducted  by  its  chief.  The  chief  of  the  first  squadron, 
when  opposite  the  ground,  on  which  the  left  of  his  squad- 
ron the  caution,  the  base  \--  given  bj  5  of  the  second  squadron,  p] 
p  oinl    -.                                            tadron  are  Lo  r<  st  in  lin- ;  they  face  to  the  1 


34  CAVALRY. 

von  is  to  rest,  halls,  and  lets  his  squadron  march  Dastliim; 
when  the  last  rank  of  the  fours  is  abreast  with  him,  he  gives 
the  words,  first  squadron,  kali— fours  left — left  dress,  followed 
by  front.  In  like  manner,  the  chief  of  the  third  squadron, 
when  opposite  the  point  where  the  right  of  his  gqufctiron 
is  to  rest,  halts,  lets  his  squadron  march  past  him,  and 
when  the  last  rank  is  abreast  with  him,  gives  the  words, 
third  squadron,  fours  rigid,  forward,  guide  right,  and  when 
abreast  with  the  rear-rank  of  the  second  squadron, 
halt,  rigid-dress,  followed  by  front.  The  chief  of  the  base 
squadron,  (the  2d,)  the.  moment  his  front  is  unmasked, 
gives  the  words,  second  squadron  forward,  guide  left,  and 
when  within  two  paces  of  the  line,  he  halts  his  squadron 
and  aligns  it  by  the  right  on  the  markers. 

The  above  example  is  applicable  to  the  deployment  of 
a  close  column  on  any  named  squadron. 

Movement  No.  2,  from  Close  Column. 

To  wheel  into  line  on  the  rear  squadron.     (Fig!  20.) 

Commanding  officer— ON  THIRD  SQUADRON,  LEFT 
INTO  LINE.j 

Ohief  of  third  squadron — Third  squadron,  left-wheel. 

Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  squadrons — Squadron,  forward.* 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  (  WALK  or  ]  vrAprtrr' 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,  (        trot-        j 

On  the  word  march,  the  first  and  second  squadrons  ad- 
vance; each,  as  soon  as  it  has  got  its  proper  distance  from 
the  one  in  its  rear,  receives  from  its  chief  the  words,  left- 
wheel,  followed  by  forward,  and  as  it  arrives  on  a  line 
with  the  third  squadron,  halt,  left-dress,  front.  The  third 
squadron  wheels  to  the  left,  receives  from  its  chief  the  word 
forward,  and  when  it  has  moved  up  three  horses'  lengths, 
halt,  left-dress,  front. 

If  the  column  be  required  to  form  line  to  the  right  (re- 
verse) flank,  the  caution  is  given,  by  inversion,  on  third 
squadron,  right  into  line;  the  movements  and  commands 
are  the  same,  onty  substituting  right  for  left. 

The  column  may  also,  in  both  eases,  be  opened  from  the 
front  or  centre,  as  well  as  from  the  rear;  the  squadrons  in 

t  On  the  caution,  the  base  is   Riven   bv  the  markers  of  the  third  squadron,  placed   a  t 
points  where  the  flanks  of  that  ^uadron  are  to  rest,  facing  to  the  left. 


CAVALRY.  35 

the  rear  going  about  by  lours,  and  fronting  when  they 
have  got  their  proper  distances,  and  those  in  front  of'tbe 
named  offe  advancing.  The  formation  is  the  same  as  al- 
ready laid  down. 

Movement  No.  3,  from  Close  Column. 

To  change  direction  from  a  halt     (Fig.  27.) 

Commanding  omoer— CHANGE  DIRECTION  BY  THE 
RIGHT  FLAN] 

Chiefs  of  squadron  \     Fours  right. 

Commanding  officer,  (  WALK  or  |  wAljr1u 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  \  trot-  j 
.  On  the  word  march,  the  front  squadron,  receiving  from 
its  chief  left  wheels  and  then  forward,  moves  straight  in  the 
now  direction;  its  chief  halting  himself  at  the  point  where 
its  left  is  to  re«t,  and  permitting  hissqo'adron  to  move  past 
him;  whgn  the  last  rank  comes  abreast  with  him,  he  gives 
the  words,  halt,  fours-left,  left-dress,  aligns  his  squadron  on 
the  markers,  and  adds  front.  The  second  and  third 
squadrons  are  conducted  by  their  chief;,  who  halt  when 
arrived  at  the  points  where  the  left  of  their  squadrons  are 
to  rest,  let  their  squadrons  march  past  them  in  the  new 
direction,  and  when  the  last  rank  is  abreast  with  them, 
they  give  the  words,  halt,  f-  left-dress,  followed  by 

front. 

In  changing  direction  by  the  left  flank,  each  chief  con- 
duets  his  squadron  until  its  left  flank  arrives  at  the  point 
where  it  is  to  rest. 

Movement  No.  A,  from  Close  Column.. 

Countermarch.     (Fig.  28.) 

Commanding  officer— Column,  COUNTERMARCH. 

Chiefs  of  squadrons — File  to  the  right. 

Commanding  officer,  re-  f  WALK  or   /  ,,  .  ,,,<.. 
peated  by  same  chiefs,        "(       tiu,t-       j  lUAKL11- 

On  the  word  countermarch,  the  left  markers  place  them- 
selves one  yard  beyond  the  left  ol"  their  squadrons,  facing 
to  the  rear,  the  croups  of  their  horses  six  yards  in  rear  of 
the  rear-rank.     The  file-closers  place   themselves   on    the 

h  ■  caution,  the  base  Is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  headmost  squadron,  placed  at 
point:;  wh«re  the  flanks  of  thai  squadron  are 


36  CAVALRY. 

left  of  their  squadrons;  those  of  the  right  companies, 
ahreast  with  the  front-rank;  the  junior  captain's  on  their 
left;  those  of  the  left  companies  abreast  with  the  rear- 
rank. 

On  the  words,  File  to  the  Right,  the  right  hand  men  of 
both  ranks  turn  to  the  right-about,  and  the  front-rank  man- 
moves  up  on  the  left  of  his  rear-rank  man;  the  remainder 
turn  their  horse's  heads  towards  the  right. 

On  the  word  march,  the  leading  file  of  each  squadron 
wheels  to  the  right,  passes  near  the  rear-rank,  and  when 
nearly  opposite  the  left  marker,  each  man,  on  a  caution 
from  his  chief  of  squadron,  turns  to  the  left,  halts,  and 
dresses  to  the  right,  the  front-rank  man  placing  himself  on 
the  left  of  the  marker.  The  other  files  move  off  their 
ground  in  succession,  front  and  rear-rank  m^n  together,  as 
it  comes  to  their  turn,  wheel  at  the  same  point  where  the 
leading  file  wheeled,  and  when  arrived  opposite  to  their 
places  in  line,  each  man  turns  to  the  left,  and  forms  up  to 
the  rank  to  which  he  belongs,  dressing  to  the  right.  The 
officers  and  file-closers  follow  the  movement  of  the  men, 
and  take  their  places  successively  as  they  reach  them. 

Movement* from  Open  Column.     No.  1. 

To  form  line  to  the  left.     (Fig.  29.) 

Commanding  officer,  re-    )  LEFT     INTO     LINE- 

peated  by  chiefs  of  squad-  -  WHEEL.*  WALK.  (or 
rons.  )    trot)— MARCH. 

On  the  word  march,  the  companies  wheel  left  into  line, 
receiving  from  their  chiefs  the  words,  halt,  right-dress,  as 
soon  as  the  wheel  is  completed.  The  chiefs  of  squadrons 
align  their  squadrons  by  the  right,  and  then  give  the  word 
front. 

Movement  Nh.  2,  from  Open  Column. 

To  form   line   to  the   rigid   by   inversion. 
Commanding  officer,  (BY  INVERSION,  RIGHT,  INTO 
repeated:  by  chiefs    of  -]  LINE— WIIEEL.f     WALK   (or 

squadrons,  (trot  )-M  ARC  IT. 

*  The  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  Qrst  squadron,  placed  al  points  where  the 
flanks  of  i  in-  ri';lit  company,  are  to  rest,  facing  each  other,  and  covered  bythe  left  mark- 
er- of  the  other  .squadron?.,  at  points  where  the  left  ol  their  squadrons  are  to  rest. 

t  The  base  is  civ  en  by  the  markers  of  the  third  squadron,  placed  at  points  wbere  the 
flanks  of  the  right  company  of  that  squadron  are  to  rest,  facing  each  other  and  covered 
by  the  left  markers  of  the  other  squadrons,  at  points  where  the  left  of  their  squadrons 
are  to  rest. 


CAVALRY.  37 

On  the  word  march,  the  companies  wheel  right  into  line, 
receiving  from  their  chiefs  the  words,  halt,  left-dress,  as' 
soon  as  the  wheel  is  complete.  The  chiefs  of  squadrons 
align  their  squadrons  by  the  left,  and  then  give  the  word 
front. 

Movement  No.  3,  from  Open  Column. 
To  form  line  to  the  front.     (Fig.  30.) 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  |  pROKT  1XT0  T  ]NK 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,        >  *  hUy  !  1MU  WJM* 

Chief  of  base  company — Company,  forward. 

Chief  of  company  next  the  base — Company,  left,  half-wheel. 

Chiefs  of  the  2d  and  3d  squadrons  —  By  company,  left, 
half-wheel. 

Commanding   officer,  re-  (  WALK   or  j  ArApnu 
peatcd  by  same  chiefs,         j    TROT-     J  MAK^-  • 

On  the  word  march,  the  base  company  advances  three 
horses'  lengths,  and  then  receives  from  its  chief  the  words, 
halt,  right-dress.  The  other  companies  make  a  half  wheel 
to  the  left,  and  then,  receiving  from  the  chiefs  of  squadrons 
the  words,  forward,  guide-right,  advance  in  echellon  to- 
wards their  places  in  line.  Each,  as  it  approaches,  re- 
ceives from  its  chief,  right-wheel,  followed  by  forward,  and 
on  arriving  on  a  line  with  the  rear-rank  of  the  preceding 
company,  hall,  right-dress.  Each  chief  of  squadron  aligns 
his  squadron  by  the  right,  and  then  gives  the  word  front. 

If  the  column  be  required  to  form  line  to  the  front  by 
inversion,  the  caution  is  given,  by  inversion,  front  into 
line.  The  movement  is  performed  according  to  the  same 
principles,  but  by  inverse  means  and  commands;  the  lead- 
ing company  is  established  on  the  markers;  the  other 
companies  half-wheel  to  the  right,  and  advance  in  echellon 
towards  the  line,  each  forming  on  the  right  of  the  one 
which  precedes  it. 

Movement  No.  4,  from  Open  Column, 
lb  form  line  to  the  front  on  rear  company.  (Fig.  31.) 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  \  ON  REAR  COMPANY, 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons"         j  FRONT  INTO  LINE.f 

*  The  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  first  "squadron,  placed  at  points  where  the 
flanks  of  the  base  company  are  to  rest,  facing  to  the  right. 

(•The  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  third  squadon,  placed  in  front  of  the  right  and 
left  files  of  ihe  left  companv,  facing  to  the  lei* . 

1 


3b  CAVALRY. 

Chief  of  company  next  the  base — Company,  left  half- 
wheel. 

Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  squadrons — By  company,  left  half 
wheel. 

Commanding  officer,         j  WALK  or  )  ^t  a  T?nTT 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,      (      trot-       j 

On  the  word  march,  the  whole,  except  the  base  com- 
pany, (which  stands  fast,)  moves  as  follows: 

The  companies  make  a  half  wheel  to  the  left,  and  receiv- 
ing from  the  chiefs  of  squadrons,  the  words,  halt,  fours 
right-about,  followed  by  forward,  guide-right,  retire  in  echel- 
lon  towards  their  places  in  line.  Each,  on  approaching 
the  line  (taking  care  to  leave  sufficient  space  on  its  right 
to  wheel  fours  about)  receives  from  its  chief  the  words, 
right-wheel,  followed  by  fortvard,  and  when  it  has  passed  the 
line  a  horse's  length,  halt,  fours  right-about,  left-dress. 

Movement  No.  5,  from  Open  Column. 
To  form  line  faced  to  the  rear.     (Fig.  32.) 

Commanding  officer,  repeat-  j  INTO  LINE,  FACED 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,         j  TO  THE  REAR.* 

Chief  or  base  company — Company,  left-about,  ivheel. 

Chiefs  of  2d  and  3d  squadrons,    1  Fom  H 
and  company  next  the  base,  )  ° 

Commanding    officer,     (  WALK  or    )  ^r  a  pntr 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (       trot —      j 

On  the  word  march,  the  base  company  wheels  left  about 
and  receives  from  its  chief  the  words,  halt,  right-dress. — 
The  other  companies  move  off  together,- and  are  conducted 
by  their  chiefs  to  the  points  where  their  left  will  stand  on 
the  new.line,  being  marked  by  squadron  markers;  each 
chief  conducts  his  company  round  the  marker,  and  when 
the  head  of  the  compan}^  arrives  near  its  point  of  forma- 
tion, leaving  space  sufficient  to  wheel  by  fours,  he  gives 
the  words,  halt,  fours-left,  riyht-dress. 

Movement  No.  0,  from  Open  Column. 

To  form  line  faced  to  the  rear  on  rear  company.     (Fig.  33.) 

*  The  base  is  giveu  by  the  markers  of  the  first  squadron  placed  on  the  new  line,  at  points 
where  the  flanks  of  the  right  company  are  to  rest,  and  facing  towards  the  right  Hank. 


CAVALRY.  39 

,,  '    -„,  '       )     ON  REAR  COMPANY, 

Commanding  officer,  repeat- f  INT0  LINE  FACED  T0 
ed  by  chiefs  of  squadrons,         i  THE  REAR 

Chief  of  base  company — Company,  left-about  wheel. 

Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  squadrons — By  company,  left-wheel. 

Commanding  officer,    j  WALK  or)  atapqjt 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (,      trot-      )« 

On  the  word  march,  the  base  company  wheels  left  about, 
receives  from  its  chief  the  word  forward,  and  after  advanc- 
ing three  horses'  lengths,  halt,  left-dress.  The  other  com- 
panies wheel  three-quarters  left,  and  receiving  from  their 
chiefs  of  squadrons  the  word?,  forward,  guide-left,  advance 
in  echcllon  towards  their  places  in  line;  each,  on  approach- 
ing the  line,  receives  from  its  chief  the  words,  lefl-wlieel, 
followed  by  forward,  and  on  arriving  on  a  line  with  the 
rear-rank  of  the  preceding  company,  halt,  left-dress. 

Movement  No.  *J,  from  Open  Column. 
To  form  line  by  two  movements.     (Fig.  34.) 

A  column  having  changed  direction  to  the   right,  or  re- 
verse flank,  may  form  line  to  its  former  front,  as  follows: 
(     LEFT  INTO  LINE-WHEEL, 
Commanding  Officer,  \  REAR    SQUADRON,    FRONT 

(INTO  LINE.* 
Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  squadrons — Left  into  Line — Wheel. 
Chief  of  3d  squadron — Front  into  Line. 
Commanding    Officer,  j  WALK  or  )  apa  ppxT 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,  (      trot-       }  l 

On  the  word  march,  the  companies  of  the  first  and  second 

squadrons  wheel  into  line,  as  prescribed  in  movement  No. 

1,  from  open   column;    and  the  companies  of    the    third 

squadron   form   to    the  front   into  line,  as   prescribed   in 

.movement  No.  3,  from  open  column. 

Movement  No.  8,  from  Open   Column. 

To  form  line  by  two  movements .     (Fig..  35.) 

A  column  having  changed  direction  to  the  left  or  pivot 
flank,  may  form  lino  to  its  former  rear,  as  follows: 

*  The  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  third  squadron,  placed  on  the  new  line,  at 

points  where  the  flanks  of  the  left  company  are  to  rest,  and  facing  towards  the  left  flaufc. 


40  CAVALRY. 

(LEFT   INTO   LINE—WHEEL. 

Commanding  Officer,  -  REAR  SQUADRON  INTO  LINE 
( FACED  TO  THE  REAR.  * 

Chiefs  of  1st  and  2d  Squadrons — Left  into  Line — Wheel. 

n\  •  e    c  0.3    a       a          (      Iitio  line,  faced'  to  the  rear, 
Chief  of  3d  Squadron,  \  P  n         ,  .    '  /  .  , , 

1  '  (  followed  hy  fours — right. 

Commanding    Officer,  (WALK  or  \  ,■-    v>mi 
repeated  by  saipe  chiefs,  (    TROT —  j 

On  the  word  march,  the  companies  of  the  1st  and  2d 
squadrons  wheel  into  line,  as  prescribed  in  movement  No. 
1,  from  open  column  ;  and  the  companies  of  the  3d  squad- 
ron form  line  faced  to  the  rear*  as  in  movement  No.  5, 
from .  op  en  column . 

Movement  No.   9,  from    Open    Column. 
To  form  on  right  into  line    (Fig.  36.) 

Commanding  Officer,  re-  j  ON  RIGHT  INTO  LINE— 
peated  by  chiefs  of  squaclr'ns'  {  GUIDE  RIGHT,  f 

Chief  of  base  company — Company,  right-wheel. 

Commanding  Officer,  repeated  j  WALK  or]  ¥AprJR 
by  chief  of  base  company,  (    TROT—    J  MAi*UJF- 

On  the  word  march,  the  leading  company  wheels  to  the 
right,  receives  from  its  chief  the  word  forward,  and  when 
it  has  advanced  a  distance  equal  to  its  front,  halt,  riglit- 
dress.  The  other  companies  pass  along  the  rear  of  the 
leading  company  ;  each  in  succession,  as  soon  as  it  ar- 
rives opposite  its  place  in  line,  receives  from  its  chief  the 
the  words,  right-wheel,  followed  by  forward,  and  when  on 
a  line  with  the  rear-rank  of  the  preceding  company,  halt, 
right-dress. 

Movement  No.    10,  from    Open  Column. 

To  form  close  column. 

Commanding  Officer,  repeated  |  FORM    CLOSE    COL-. 
by  chiefs  of  squadrons,  j  UMN. 

Chiefs  of  right  companies  of  squadrons — Company  for- 
ward. 

Chiefs  of  left  companies  of  squadrons — Company,  lejl  - 
oblique. 

•'The  base  (jin  these  two  movements  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  first  squadron,  placed 
on  the  new  line,  at  points  where  the  flanks  of  right  company  are  to  rest,  facing  each  other. 

■iThe  base  is  given  by  the  markers  of  the  first  squadron,  pl#ced  on  the  new  line,  at 
points  where  the  flanks  of  the  right  company  are  to  res:,  facing  to  the  right. 


CAVALRY.  41 

Commanding    Officer,    j  WALK  orlH[AT>nfT 
repeated  by  same  chiefs,    \      trot-       j 

.  On  the  word  march,  the  leading  company  advances  3 
horses' lengths,  and  receives  from  its  chief  the  word  halt. 
The  other  right  companies  move  straight  forward.  The  left 
companies  oblique. to  the  left,  at  double  the  pace,  till  their 
right  flanks  are  uncovered;  they  then  receive  the  word, 
forward,  from  their  chiefs,  followed  by  walk,  when  in  line 
with  their  right  companies.  Each  squadron,  as  soon  as 
formed,  receives  the  words,  guide-left,  from  its  chief,  and 
when  moved  up  to  its  proper  place  in  column,  halt,  left- 
dress,  followed  -hy  front. 

Skirmishing. 

Skirmishers  are  usually  employed  to  gain  time,  to  watch 
the  movements  of  the  enemy,  to  keep  him  in  check,  and  to 
prevent  him  from  approaching  so  close  to  the  main  body 
as  to  annoy  the  line  of  march.  On  service,  regularity  in 
skirmishing  and  correctness  of  distance  cannot  always  be 
maintained,  on  account  of  the  movements  of  the  enemy 
and  the  nature  of  the  ground.  It  is,  nevertheless,  essential 
that  some  general  rules  should  be  laid  down,  which  may 
be  easily  conformed  to  and  applied,  according  to  circum- 
stances. 

On  ordinary  occasions,  a  few  mounted  men  may  be  suffi- 
cient for  this  duty;  yet  it  is  frequently  necessary  on  ser- 
vice to  employ  whole  squadrons  as  skirmishers.  The 
following  example  embraces  a  company,  which  is  deemed 
sufficient  to  cover  the  front  and  flanks  of  a  regiment  com- 
posed of  three  squadrons.  One  of  the  flank  companies  is 
usually  employed  for  the  purpose. 

LEFT  COMPANY  OF  THIRD  SQUADRON, )  At  the 

SKIRMISH  TO  THE  FRONT— MARCH.  j      word 

march,  the  company  named  moves  forward  ten  paces,  and 
the 'men  deploy  as  skirmishers,  extending  so  far  as  to  cover 
the  whole  front  of  the  squadron,  as  well  as  its. flanks;  for 
this  purpose,  the  man  on  the  right  of  the  front-rank  moves 
in  an  oblique  direction,  towards  a  point  sixt}r  paces  in  ad- 
vance and  beyond  the  right  flank  of  the  regiment;  the  man 
on  the  right  of  the  rear-rank  follows  his  file-leader,  and  then 
moves  to    his   left  on    the  same  alignment:  the  other  tile« 


42  CAVALRY, 

conform  themselves  to  this  movement,  placing  themselves 
at  equal  intervals  from  each  other. 

In  advancing,  the  skirmishers  draw  the  left  pistol,  the 
sword  hanging  to  the  wrist.  When  the  regiment  is  ad- 
vancing, the  forward  march  is  sounded,  when  the  skir- 
mishers move  forward,  and  at  the  sound  commence  firing, 
they  begin  the  fire.  When  the  halt  is  sounded,  the  skir- 
mishers halt,  and  observe  the  movement  of  the  regiment, 
to  which  they  conform.  If  it  turn  to  the  right  or  left,  they 
do  the  same  singly,  to  cover  the  front;  if  the  regiment  re- 
tire, the  march  in  retreat  is  sounded,  when  the  skirmishers 
retire  by  a  checkquered  movement,  as  follows:  All  the 
skirmishers  who  belong  to  the  front-rank  wheel  about 
singly  to  the  left,  march  fifty  paces  to  the  rear,  and  then 
resume  their  front  by  wheeling  about  singly  to  the  right. 
The  same  move  ments  are  made  by  the  rear-rank  men, 
who  place  themselves  fifty  paces  in  rear  of  the  others, 
and  so  on  as  long  as  the  regiment  continues  in  retreat. 

When  the  regiment  resumes  its  front,  the  halt  is  sound- 
ed, at  which  the  skirmishers  halt  and  form  again  on  the 
same  line.  Cease  firing  is  then  sounded,  and  afterwards 
the  rally,  when  they-  return  by  the  shortest  way  to  their 
places  in  the  regiment. 

Skirmishers  always  move  out  and  return  at  a  gallop: 
they  never  draw  their  pistols  until  they  are  deployed;  they 
never  fire  until  within  reach  of  the  enemy,  unless  by  order, 
and  they  should  always  keep  their  horses  in  motion,  even 
when  loading,  to  avoid  becoming*  a  mark  to  the  enemy. 
They  retire  by  wheeling  about  to  the  left,  and  resume 
their  front  by  wheeling  about  to  the  right.  When  they 
reform  again  in  company,  they  return  pistol  and  carry 
sword. 


A    MANUAL 

FOR 

COLT'S     REVOLVER 


1.  The  preliminary  instructions  in  the  use  of  the  Re- 
volver should  always  be  given  on  foot,  but  the  "  Manual" 
will  apply  equally  well  on  foot  or  mounted.  In  the  in- 
struction on  foot,  the  trooper  should  be  brought  to  the 
position  of  "Guard,"  in  the  sabre  exercise,  so  as  to  assimi- 
late his  motions  to  those  he  will  execute  when  mounted. 

2.  The  term  "holster,"  in  this  Manual  is  equally  appli- 
cable to  the  holster  of  the  saddle,  jor  to  its  substitute  on 
the  belt.  The  belt  holster  is  preferable,  and  is  adopted  for 
the  State  Guard. 

3.  The  trooper  beiug  in  position,  the  Instructor  will 
command — 

Draw — Pistol.     (One  time  and  two  motions.) 

•4.  (1st  motion.)  Unbuckle  the  "holster,"  seize  the 
pistol  by  the  handle  with  the  last  three  fingers  and  palm  of 
the  hand,  the  fore-linger  extended  outside  the  holster  so  as 
to  be  placed  on  the  guard  when  the  pistol  is  partially  with- 
drawn, the  thumb  on  the  back  of  the  handle. 

5.  (2d  motion.)  Draw  the  pistol  from  the  holster, 
placing  the  fore-finger  on  the  guard,  raise  it,  placing  the 
right  wrist  at  the  height  of  and  six  inches  in  front  of  the 
right  shoulder  ;  the  barrel  of  the  pistol  pointed  vertically 
upwards,  guard  to  the  front. 

G.     To  load  the  pistol,  the  Instructor  will  command, 

Load  in  six  lime? — 1.  Load. 
(One  time  and  two  motions.) 
7.  (1st  motion.)  Place  the  pistol  in  the  left  hand,  the 
little  linger  on  the  point  of  the  key,  the  muzzle  inclined  to 
the  left,  and  front  and  upwards  at  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees 
to  the  horizon,  half  cock  the  pistol  with  the  right  thumb, 
the  right  hand  grasping  the  handle. 


ii  MANUAL  FOR  COLT'S  REVOLVER. 

S.  (2d  motion.)  Let  go  the  pistol  with  the  left  hand, 
turn  with  the  right,  and  seize  it  with  the  left  :  the  hammer 
between  the  thumb  and  fore-finger,  the  middle  finger  on 
the  guard,  the  two  last  fingers  and  palm  of  the  hand 
grasping  the  handle,  and  carry  the  right  hand  to  the  cart- 
ridge box,  and  open  it. 

2 .    Handle — 0 artridge . 
[One  time  and  one  motion.] 

9.  Take  a  cartridge  from  the  box  with  the  thumb  and 
first  two  fingers  and  cany  it  to  the  mouth . 

3.   Tear — Cartridge. 
[One  time  and  one  motion.] 

10.  Tear  off  the  end  of  the  cartridge  with  the  teeth 
and  carry  it  opposite  the  chamber  nearest  the  lever  and 
on  the  side  next  the  trooper. 

4.    Charge — Cartridge. 

[One  time  and  one  motion.] 

11 .  Empty  the  powder  into  the  chamber  and  press  the 
ball  in  with  the  fore-linger,  seize  the  end  of  the  lever  with 
the  thumb  and  first  two  fingers  of  the  right  hand. 

5.    Ram  — Cartridg  e  . 

[One  time  and  one  motion.] 

12.  Bring  down  the  lever  with  the  right  haad,  at  the 
same  time  turning  the  cylinder  with  the  thumb  and  fore- 
finger of  the  left,  until  the  charged  chamber  comes  in  pro- 
longation of  the  lever,  ram  home  the  charge  and  carry  the 
right  hand  to  the  cartridge  box,  leaving  the  lever  in  the 
charged  chamber. 

13.  llepeat  as  above  until  the  chambers  are  charged, 
and  after  charging  the  last  one  return  the  lover,  the  thumb 
and  first  two  lingers  remaining  on  the  end  of  it. 

G.     Prime  . 

[One  time  and  two  motion.] 

14.  (1st  motion.)  Seize  the  handle  of  the  pistol  with 
the  right  hand  below  the  left,  turn  it  with  the  guard  to  the 
front,  muzzle  to  the  left  and  front,  and  elevated  si£ty  degree* 


MANUAL  FOR  COLTS  REVOLVER'.  45 

above  the  horizon,  and  place  it  in  the  left  hand,  the  little 
finger  on  the  point  of  the  key;  turn  the  cylinder  with  the 
right  hand  until  it  clicks,  and  carry  the  right  hand  to  the 
cap  box  and  open  it. 

15.  (2d  motion.)  Take  a  cap,  press  it  on  the  exposed 
cone,  turn  the  cylinder  again  until  it  clicks,  and  cany  the 
right  hand  again  to  the  cap  box. 

16.  Repeat  the  second  motion  until  the  priming  is  com- 
pleted ;  then  seize  the  pistol  at  the  handle  with  the  right 
hand,  let  down  the  hammer  and  bring  the  pistol  to  the 
second  position  of  "  draw  pistol." 

IT.     To  fire  the  pistol,  the  Instructor  will  command, 

Ready. 
[One  time  and  two  motions.] 

18.  (1st  motion.)  Place  the  pistol  in  the  left  hand, 
the  little  finger  touching  the  key,  the  muzzle  to  the  left 
and  front,  and  elevated  at  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees  to  the 
horizon,  the  guard  under,  the  right  thumb  on  the  cock,  the 
fore-finger  on  the  guard. 

19.  (2d  motion.)  Cock  the  pisto^with  the  thumb,  and 
bring  it  to  the  second  position  of  "  draw  pistol.'' 

Aim. 

[One  time  and  two  motions.] 

20.  Lower  the  muzzle  and  carry  the  right  hand  to  the 
front  of  the  neck,  half  extending  the  right  arm,  place  the 
fore-finger  lightly  on  the  trigger,  close  the  left  eye,  and  aim 
horizontally. 

Fire. 

[One  time  and  one  motion.] 

21.  Press  the  fore-finger  gradually  but  quickly  on  the 
trigger,  fire,  and  return  to  the  second  position  of  "  draw 
pistol." 

22.  Should  the  Instructor  desire  to  have  all  the  charges 
fired,  he  will  give  an  intimation  to  that  effecf,  and  after 
bringing  the  trooper  to  the  position  of  "  ready,"  he  will 
command, 

1.    Aim.     2.    Fire. 

23.  Which    will    bo    executed  as  prescribed.      After 


46  MANUAL  FOR  COLT'S  REVOLVER, 

firing  the  first  charge,  the  troopers  will  go  through  the 
motions  of  "  ready,"  "  aim,"  and  "  fire,"  and  so  continue 
until  the  last  charge  is  fired,  when  they  will  return  to  the 
second  position  of  "  draw  pistol." 

24.  To  load  without  observing  the  times  and  motions, 
the  Instructor  will  command, 

1 .    Load  at  luill.     2.   Load. 

25.  Load  the  pistol  as  prescribed.  "  Prime"  and  re- 
turn to  the  second  position  of  "  draw  pistol." 

26.  When  the  troopers  execute  the  Manual  well,  they 
will  be  instructed  to  come  to  the  position  of  "  ready,"  by 
the  following  command  ■ 

Ready. 
(One  time  and  one  motion.) 

27.  Move  the  right  hand  six  inches  to  the  front,  at  the 
same  time  lowering  the  muzzle  to  an  angle  of  sixty  degrees 
with  the  horizon,  cock  the  pistol  with  the  right  thumb, 
and  return  to  the  second  position  of  "  draw  pistol." 

28.  To  replace  the  pistol  after  the  firing,  the  command 
will  be, 

Return — Pistol. 

(One  time  and  two  motions.) 

.    29.     (1st  motion.)     Drop  the  muzzle,  turning  the  wrist 
downwards,  and  replace  the  pistol  in  the  holster. 
30.     (2d  motion.)     Drop  the  right  hand. 


ACTS  OF  CONGRESS.  1 1 

AN  ACT  to  provide  for  the  public  defense. 

Section  1.  The  Congress  of  the  Confederate  Stales  of  America  do  enact,  Thai  in  order  to 
provide  speedily  forces  to  repel  Invasion,  maintain  the  rightful  possession  of  the  <  lonfede 
rate  States  of  America  in  every  portion  of  territory  belonging  and  to  secure 

the.  public  tranquility  and  independence  a  ult,  ,  he  Presi  I  snt    ! 

he  is  hereby  authorized  to  employ  the  militia,  military,  and  naval  forces   oJ   the  Confede  - 
rate  States  of  America,  and.to  ask  for  and  accept  the  services  of  any  number  of  voluo 
teers,  not  exceeding  one  hundred  thousand,   who  may  offer  their  Bervicespeither  as 
airy,  mounted  riflemen,  artillery  or  infantry,  in  such  proportion  of  these  several  arm-  a  - 
he  "may  deem  expedient,  to  serve  for  twelve  months  after  they  shall  be  mustered  li 
vier  unless  sooner   discharged. 

Sec.  2.  And  l"  it  furtner  enacted,  That  the  militia,  when  called  Into  service  by  virtue 
of  this  act  or  any  other  act,  if  in  the  opinion  of  the  President  the  public  interest  requires, 
may  be  compelled  to  serve  for  a  term  of  not  exceeding  six  months  after  they  shall  be 
mustered  into  service,  unless  sooner  discharged. 

Sec.  3.    And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  said  volunteers  shall  furnish  their  own  olothes, 
and  if  mounted  men,  their  own  horses  and  horse  equipments:  and  when  mustered  in 
vice,  shall  be  armed  by  the  States  from  which  they  come,  or  by  the  Confederate  States  of 
America. 

Sec.  4.     And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  said   volunteers   shall,  when   called   into  .actual 
service,  and  while  remaining  therein,  be  subject  to  the  rules  and  articles  of  war.  and 
instead  of  clothing,  every  non-commissioned  officer  and  private  in  any   company   gfa 
entitled  when  called  into  actual  service,  to  money  In  a  sum  equal  to  the  cost  of  clothing  of 
a  non-commissioned  officer  or  privs  gular  army  of  the  Confederate  .States  of 

America. 

Sec.  5  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  the  said  volunteers  so  offering  thelivservlces  may 
be.  accepted  by  the  President  in  companies,  squadrons,  battalion:  and  reglmentB,  whose 
officers  shall  be  appointed  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law  in  the  several  .states  to  which 
they  shall  respectively  belong;  but  when  inspected,  mustered  and  received  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Confederate  States,  said  troops  shall  be  regarded  in  all  respects  as  a  part  of 
the  army  of  said  Confederate  States,  according  to  the  terms  of  their  respective  enlistments. 

Sec.  (5.  Andbe'it  further  enacted,  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  organize 
companies  so  tendering  their  services  Into  battalions  or  squadrons,  battalllons  or  s 
rous  Into  regiments,  regiments  into  brigades,  and  brigades  into  divisions,  whenever  in  bis 
judgment  such  organizatiod  may  be  expedient;  and  whenever  brigades  or  divisions  shall 
be  organized,  the  President  shall  appoint  the  commanding  oilicers  for  such  brigades  and 
divisions,  subject  to  the  confirmation  of  Congress,  who  shall  hold  their  'offices  only  while 
such  brigades  and  divisions  are  in  service;  and  the  President,  shall,  if  necessary,  appor- 
tion the  staff  and  general  officers  anion:,'  the  respective  States  from  which  the  volunteers 
shall  tender  their  services,  as  he  may  deem  proper. 

Sec.  7-  And  be  itfuther  enacted,  That  whenever  the  militia  or  volunteers  are  called 
and  received  into  the  service  of  the  Confederate  States,  under  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
they  shall  have  the  same  organization,  and  shall  have  the  same  pay  and  allowances  as 
may  be  provided  for  the  regular  army;  and  all  mounted  non-commissioned  officers,  pri 
vates,  musicians  and  artificers  shall  be  allowed  fony  cents  per  dav  for  the  use  and  risk 
of  their  horses,  and  if  any  volunteer  shall  not  keep  himself  provided  with  a  serviceable 
horse,  such  volunteer  shall  serve  on  l'ooi .  Cor  horses  killed  in  action,  volunteers  shall 
be  allowed  compensation  according  to  their  appraised  value  at  the  date  of  muster  into 
Bervice. 

Sec.  8.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  field  and  staff  oeffiers  of  a  separate  battalion 
of  volunteers  shall  be  one  lieutenant-coltWel  or  major,  one  adjutant  with  the  rank  of  lieu 
tenant,  one  sergeant-major,  one  quartermaster  sergeant,  and  a  chief  bugler  or  principal 
musician,  according  to  corps;  and  that  each  company  shall  be  entitled  to  an  additional 
second  lieutenant;  and  that  the  President  may  limit  the  privates  in  any  volunteer  com- 
pany, according  to  his  discretion,  at  from  sixty-four  to  one  hundred. 

Sec.  9.    And  be  ttf.>  trsor  militia  are  called  into  the 

service  of  the  Confederate  Smtes  in  such  numbers  that  the  oilicers  of  the  quartermaster, 
commissary,  and  medical  departments,  which  may  be  authorized  by  law  for  the  regular 
Bervice,  are  not  suficient  to  provide  for  the  supplying,  quartering,  transporting,  and  fur- 
nishing them  with  the  requi  \,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  President  to  appoint, 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Congress,  as  many  additional  oilicers  of  the  said  de 
partments  as  the  servica may  require,  not fxceeding  one  commissary  and  one  quarter- 
master for  each  brigade,  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  one  assistant  quartermaster  with 
the  rank  of  captain,  one  surgeonand  one  assistant  surgeon  for  each  regiment;  the  said 
quartermasters  and  commissaries,  assistant  quartermasters  and  commissaries,  to  give 
bonds  with  good  surities  for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties,  the  said  officers  to  be 
allowed  the  same  pay  and  emoluments  as  shall  be  allowed  to  oilicers  of  the  same  grade  in 
the  regular  service,  and  to  be  subject  to  the  rules  and  articles  of  war,  and  to  continue  in 
service  only  so  long  as  their  services  may  be  requited  in  Connection  with  the  militia'or 
volunteers. 

Sec.  10.    And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Pre  I  he  is  hereby  authorized   to 

purchase  or  charter,  arm,  equip  ami  man  such  merchant  vessels  and  steamships  or  boats 
as  may  be  found  lit.  or  easily  converted  Into  armed  vessels,  and  in  such  number  as  he  may 
deem  necessary  for  the  protection  of  the  seaboard  and  the  general  defence  of  the  country-. 

ArraovED,  March  C,  1861. 


42 


UNIFORM,    Son. 


An  Act  to  raise  an  additional  Military  force  to  serve  during  the  War 

'Hit  Con rn-cfss  of  (lie.  Confederate  States  do  enact,  That  in  addition  to  the  volunteer  farce 
authorized  to  be  raised  under  existing  laws,  the  President  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized 
to  accept  the  services  of  volunteers  who  may  offer  their  services,  without  regard  to  place 
of  enlistment,  either  as  cavalry,  mounted  riflemen,  artillery  or  infantry,  in  such  propor- 
tion of  these  several  arms  as  he  may  deem  expedient,  to  serve  for  and  during  the  existing 
Avar,  unless  sooner  discharged . 

Sec.  2.  That  the  volunteers  so  offering  their  services  may  be  accepted  by  the  President 
in  companies,  to  be  organized  by  him  into  squadrons,  'battalions  or  regiments.  The 
President  shall  appoint  all  Held  and  staff  officers,  but  the  company  officers  shall  be  erected 
by  the  men  composing  the  company,  and  if  accepted  the  officers  so  elected  shall  be  com- 
missioned by  the  President. 

Sec.  3.  Be  U  further  enacted,  That  any  vacancies  occurring  in  the  ranks  of  the  several 
companies  mustered  into  service  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  may  be  filled  by  volun- 
teers accepted  under. the  rules  of  such  companies,  and  any  vacancies  occurring  in  the 
officers  of  such  companies,  shall  be  filled  by  elections  in  accordance   with  the  same  rules. 

Sec.  4.  Except  as  herein  differently  provided,  the  volunteer  forces  hereby  authorized 
to  be  raised,  shall  in  all  regards  be  subject  to,  and  organized  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  "An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Public  Defence,"  and  all  other  acts  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  armies  of  the  Confederate  States. 

L Approved,  May,  1861.] 


AN  ACT,  To  make  further  provision  for  the  Public  Defense. 

WHEREAS,  war  exists  between  the  United  States  and  the  Confederate  States;  and 
whereas,  the  public  welfare  may  require  the  reception  of  volunteer  forces  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Confederate  States,  without  the  forinallity  and  delav  of  a  call  upon  the  respec- 
tive States: 

Sec.  1.  The  Congress  of [the  Confederate  Stales  of  America  do  enact,  That  the  President 
be  authorized  to  receive  into  service  such  companies,  battalions,  or  regiments,  either 
mounted  or  on  foot,  as  may  tender  themselves,  and  he  may  require,  without  the  delay  of 
a  formal  call  upon  the  respective  States,  to  serve  for  such  a  time  as  he  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  2.  Such  volunteer  forces  as  may^e  accepted  under  this  act,  except  as  herein  dif- 
ferently provided,  shall  be  organized  in  accordance  with  and  subject  to  all  the  provisions 
of  the  act  entitled  "An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Pcblic  Defence,"  and  be  entitled  to  all  the 
allowances  provided  therein;  and  when  mustered  into  service,  may  be  attached  to  such 
divisions,  brigades,  or  regiments,  as  the  President  may  direct;  or  ordered  upon  such 
independent  or  detached  service  as  the  President  may  "deem  expedient:  Provided,  how- 
ever,  tbat  battalions  and  regiments  may  be  enlisted  from  States  not  of  this  Confederacy; 
and  the  President  may  appoint  all  or  any  of  the  field  officers  thereof. 

Sec.  3.  The  President  shall  be  authorized  to  commission  all  officers  eiititl"d  to  commis- 
missions  of  such  volunteer  forces  as  may  be  received  under  provisions  of  this  act,  and 
upon  the  request  of  the  officer  commanding  such  volunteer  regiment,  battalion  or  com- 
pany, the  President  may  attach  a  supernumerary  officer  to  each  company,  detailed  from 
the  regular  army  for  that  purpose,  and  for  such  time  as  the  President  may  direct. 

[Approved  May,  1861.] 


CONFEDERATE  ARMY  UNIFORM. 


Coat.-' Short  tunic  of  cadet  grey  cloth,  dou- 
ble-breasted, with  two  rows  of  buttons  over 
the  breast,  the  rows  two  inches  apart  at  the 
waist  and  widening  towards  the  sholders. 
Suitable  for  cavalry  as  well  as  infantry. 

Pantaloons. — Of  sky  blue  cloth,  made  full 
ill  the  leg,  and  trimmed  according  to  corps — 
with  blue  for  infantry;  red  for  artillery;  and 
yellow  for  cavalry.     No  other  distinction. 

For  the  General  and  the  officers  of  his  staff 
the  dress  will  be  of  dark,  blue  cloth,  trimmed 
with  gold;  for  the  medical  department,  black 
cloth,  with  gold  and  velvet  trimming. 

All  badges  of  distinction  are  to  be  marked 
upon  the  sleeves  and  collars.  Badges  of  dis- 
tinguished rank,  on  the  collar  only .  For  a 
Brigadier  General,  three  large  stars;  for  a 
Colonel,  two  large  stars;  for  a  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  one  large  star;  for  a  Major,  one 
small  star,  and  horizontal  bar,  for  a  Captain, 
three  small  star.--;  for  a  first  Lieutenant,  two 
small  sttfrs;  tor  a  second  Lieutenant,  one 
small   star. 


Bullous.— For  a  General  And  staff  officers 
the  buttons  will  be  of  bright  gilt,  convex, 
rounded  at  the  edge— a  raised  eagle  at  the 
centre,  surrounded  by  thirteen  stars.  Ex 
ter'tor  diameter  of  large  sized  button,  1  inch; 
of  small  size,  }{.  inch. 

For  officers  of  the  corps  of  engineers  the 
same  button  is  to  be  used,  except  that  in  the 
place  of  the  eagle  and  stars,  there  will  be  a 
raised  "fv'in  German  text. 

For  officers  of  artillery,  infantry,  riflemen 
and  cavalry,  the  buttons  will  be  a  plain 
gilt  convex,  with  a  large  raised  letter  in  the 
centre — A  for  artillery,  I  for  infantry,  Ac. 
The  exterior  diameter  of  large  size  button, 
seven-eights  of  an  inch;  small  size,  one-half 
inch. 

For  all  enlisted  men  of  artillery,  a  large 
A,  raised  in  the  centre  of  a  three-qurter  inch 
button. 

For  all  enlisted  men,  the  same  as  for  aril- 
lery,  except  the  number  of  Ihe  regiment  will 
I  be  substituted  for  the  letter  A. 


